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Integration of an Enterprise with XML, Web Services and SOA

2012-01-20T06:43:00.000-08:00

In most of today’s enterprises, we can observe that there are many hundreds of applications, each application being different from other application in one way or the other. Most of these applications are developed by third party. For a standard to be evolved, all these applications must be integrated for easy communication between different departments using different applications.

There is a need for standardizing business applications because even well established ERP applications have not been able to provide all the functions in an enterprise. Instead of using just one application, using multiple applications will give an option of using the best applications in different categories which can improve the productivity of the business. But maintaining several applications simultaneously can be difficult for any enterprise. So, there is a need for enterprise integration. While pursuing enterprise integration, there are issues such as multiple applications being run on multiple operating system platforms. Enterprise integration help can availed by applying certain principles.

XML, web services and SOA or Service Oriented Architecture were introduced to do the job of enterprise integration. Enterprise integration with XML, web services and SOA has been successful to a significant extent after they were introduced. Their introduction has been pioneered as a very important step toward enterprise integration.

Back in the year 2003, a concern about the Microsoft monopolizing on the transfer of computer documents. So, internationally there was a concern to create a language that could easily and quickly help in transfer of documents. Thus, XML was developed.

XML is closely related to HTML. However, there are differences between the two. Where HTML’s majority of focus rests on presentation, XML’s major focus is on providing information content. XML is an extensible language, where as HTML is not.

Service Oriented Architecture and Web Services on the other hand have also been useful in integrating enterprises. Before they are implemented, Service Oriented Architecture and web services must be understood. The process of building Service Oriented Architecture and web services must be initiated.

Web Services, if they are integrated well with the service orientation can answer well the challenge of enterprise integration. With the help of web services, not only integration is possible, but also an ERP application can be developed.

Service orientation has features such as

Minimal dependence on other services is required. Only an awareness of other services is required.
The service architecture is encapsulated and it can control its own logic.
Service orientation can be reused
Additional services can be added to them from time to time

With Service orientation the following advantages can be realized

Improvement in integration and interoperability
Can be reused inherently
Architecture and solutions are streamlined
XML standardization is possible
Better alternative to standard ERP solutions

Integration of enterprise with XML, web services and SOA has been proven to be successful in many organizations. Today, these organizations have been able to reduce costs to a significant level.

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The Pareto Chart Statistics Help

2011-12-14T00:34:00.000-08:00

The Pareto Chart is based on The Pareto principles of Italian Economist Vilfredo Pareto in 19th centaury. The Pareto principles state that the most effects are the result of relatively of few causes that is, 80 % of effects come from 20 % of the possible causes. Materials, raw materials and operators can be taken as example.

The Pareto Chart: The Pareto chart can also be known as, the Pareto diagram. There can be two types of Pareto Charts such as, a weighted Pareto chart or a comparative Pareto Chart. A Pareto chart is a special bar graph, where the lengths are represented by frequency or cost, time or money that are arranged with the longest bars on the left and the shortest to the right side. Thus, a chart visually exhibits the relative importance of problems or conditions.

Today in the subject of Statistics, Pareto Chart is of a great importance.

Here are the few steps involved in constructing a Pareto Chart:

· The problem to be analyzed is defined and to identify the different potential causes.

· Decide which criterion to use when comparing the possible causes such as, how often the different causes occur, their consequences or costs.

· Define the time interval during which data will be collected and carry out the data collection for the selected criterion.

· Place the causes from left to right on the horizontal axis of the chart, in descending relative importance. Rectangle lines are drawn to represent the heights.

· It is necessary to mark the data value on the left vertical axis and the percentage value on the right and a curve of cumulative is drawn along the top edges of the rectangles.

An illustration is given below to explain the use of a Pareto Chart:

This illustration explains how a Pareto Chart works. Many studios around the world make televisions commercials. One studio specialized in shooting ads starring cats. Lately, many factors took place for the delay of the commercial such as, lack of equipment, technical problems with audio and video, rework of scripts and misbehaving cats.

Causes of Cat distress Time lost due to the cause Total time lost due to the cause

Not been fed 4, 3, 5, 2, 5, 3 22

Not been cuddled 3, 3, 5, 3 14

Studio too cold 9, 2, 4, 6, 4, 5 30

Too much noise 20, 15, 35, 20, 9, 16 115

Smell of previous cat still present 41, 68, 39, 60, 29, 52, 19, 8 316

Surface to sit/lie on not appealing 2, 4, 1 7

The above given details can also be explained with a graphical example.

Time lost (Minutes) Cumulative % time lost

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Tax effect on Supply and Demand Curve Help

2011-12-13T23:55:00.000-08:00

In the subject of Economics, Supply and Demand play an important role. In Economics Tax effect on Supply and Demand can be significant. Taxes on goods and services can determine their cost and in turn their demand and supply.

Definition of Tax effect:

The primary reasons for any tax is to raise income or revenue from tax payers for the taxing authority as, to impose economic burden on those tax payers to alter the distribution or allocation of resources in the affected markets. By changing the distribution of resources that is the quantities produced and consumed, where a tax can also affect the economic efficiency with which the resources are employed. As a result, the analysis and consequences of tax consists of revenue, resource allocation, income distribution and economic efficiency. In case, if a tax is raised on a particular market, the direct effects can be examined in that market. Whereas, it’s indirect effects can cause an issue to other related markets.

The effect of Tax on a good:

Tax on a good is added to the marginal cost of seller of the goods. An illustration can explain the shift supply and demand curve. $1 of tax on one gallon diesel fuel will change the supply curve due to the amount of tax. The shifts in the supply curve, the equilibrium of price and quantity will also change because of tax. Eventually the impact on quantity and price will depend on the price elasticity’s of demand and supply.

In the above illustrated figure shows elasticity of demand and supply determine the impact of the tax. Here, the curve shifts upwards due to the amount of the tax. So, the equilibrium quantity falls and the equilibrium prices rises because of the tax. The decrease in the equilibrium of quantity creates a loss of consumer surplus and also producers’ surplus, which is known as deadweight loss from the tax. The size of the deadweight loss and the relative size of the impact on the price and quantity are varied. As, a result the supply curve and the demand curve have different price elasticity.

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Concept of Profitability of a Firm

2011-10-27T06:40:00.000-07:00

When a business is started, an investment is made into the firm in areas such as machinery, land, inventory and other assets. By investing in these assets, the business wants to produce a value, a product or a service to sell it to the end users for a profit.

When we look at the financial side of the business and its activities, we can understand that the assets of the firm are put on the right hand side and the liabilities are put on the left hand side. The assets and liabilities must match in figures. When we look closely at the assets and liabilities, we can see that assets include machinery, land and buildings, inventory, patents, trademarks, investments, debtors, etc.

On the other hand, if we look at the liabilities side of the balance sheet, we can find share capital, long term liabilities such as bank loans, term loans, debentures and short term liabilities or current liabilities such as creditors, bills payable, expenses to be paid, etc. This is the capital structure of a firm.

The firm, in order to make profits, the firm must create more cash flow than it uses. In other words, the cash coming in from the various activities must be more than the money invested by the firm. This increase in the cash flow over a period of time is called profit, which is usually calculated over one year, half year or a quarter of a year.

In order to generate more profits, the firm can take up what is called cost reduction. In cost reduction, by using new machinery, or new ways of production, the firm tries to reduce the cost of production to the extent possible. Cost reduction is considered to be one of the best techniques for profit maximization.

Another way that firms can increase their profits is through producing in bulk quantities. When produced in bulk quantities, the firm will experience a decreased cost on individual product produced. So, the decrease in cost of production without the proportional decrease in price will increase the profit of the firm.

In order that cost reduction and increased production takes place, a firm must utilize highly economic ways of production such as utilization of efficient techniques in production and procurement of materials in bulk from suppliers, etc. All these techniques are known to decrease the cost of production and increase the profitability of the firm.

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Concept of Electromagnetism

2011-10-27T06:38:00.000-07:00

Electromagnetism is one of the fundamental phenomenon in nature. It is responsible for almost all the phenomena in our daily life. Electromagnetism spans both electric fields and magnetic fields. When observed individually, electricity and magnetism behave differently and when unified, we can observe that both are interdependent on each other and they cannot be separated from each other.

In order to fully understand Electromagnetism, we have to look at the four laws that govern electricity and magnetism. These are Gauss’s laws in Electrostatics, Gauss’s law in Magnetism, Ampere’s law and Faraday’s law. These laws were combined by James Clerk Maxwell in the year 1864 to give a complete set of relation and connection between both the forces of electricity and magnetism.

Gauss’s law in Electrostatics

The electric flux through any closed surface is proportional to the enclosed electric charge.

Take an example of an electric field, a plane surface area and a normal unit vector at an angle in co-ordination with the electric field, then the resultant electric flux is considered as a scalar product. This defines electric flux as volt multiplied by meter.

Gauss’s law in Magnetism

The magnetic field has divergence equal to that of zero.

Gauss’s law can be applied to a magnetic flux through a closed surface. As magnetic field lines are looped in circles, The magnetic field lines are all looped for all closed surfaces. Hence a closed surface exhibits zero magnetic flux.

Ampere’s law

The line integral of magnetic field intensity H about any closed path is exactly equal to the net current enclosed by that path.

The only dependant in Ampere’s law is the current that is flowing through the wire and not the diameter of the wire. The magnetic field is dependant on the current that is enclosed in the loop of the wire.

Faraday’s law

The induced electromotive force (EMF) in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of change of the magnetic flux through the circuit.

The law states that independent of the change in the induced magnetic force, voltage will be generated. This can be either the change in the magnetic field or by a magnet moving toward or away from the coil of wire or moving the coil toward or away from the magnetic field will produce voltage.

These four laws are primary to the functioning of the modern electric system. Ampere’s law is useful in the production and maintenance of transformers. Faraday’s law is useful in the production of power. Without these laws, the concept of power production and power distribution would not have been possible.

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Communication in Business Assignment Help

2011-10-15T03:16:00.000-07:00

One of the biggest mysteries about humans is their evolution to speak and communicate effectively. No other animal in the entire world can communicate as strongly as humans.

The science behind communication can be very puzzling when we look at communication at the very grass root level. But nevertheless, communication plays a very important role in our daily as well as in the most important turns in our lives.

Communication is defined as the process of giving, receiving information or ideas by writing, speech or visual means, so that the message communicated is completely understood by the recipients.

The key to effective communication is to guarantee that the information which is passed on is understood by the recipient, stimulating them to take appropriate action or affecting the way the recipient thinks in some way.

Advantages of effective communication

Most of the business organizations have understood that effective communication is the key to ensure the success of the organization at all the levels. Some of the benefits that accrue to the organization for effective communication include

The power of decision making and problem solving increases
Productivity of the organization increases
The workflow or the process or the performance of the organization can be streamlined
The professional image of the organization is enhanced
Effective communication helps in maintaining sound business relationship with business clients.
Positive and successful response to the organization is assured.

Today communication is more essential than ever before because of the changes that are taking place in organizations

Advancement of Technology: With the advancement of technology, technologically advanced and easy to use communication devices are being developed. With the help of these devices communication has become a very easy task across large distances.
Global Communications: Many businesses are going global thanks to the introduction of new and improved technologies. Many multinational corporations are operating from overseas and many national companies are seeking business in foreign nations. For all these things to happen, effective communication is very essential.
The Age of Information: The advent of internet has brought a great revolution in the exchange of information from one part of the world to another part of the world. One can receive huge amounts of data through the internet today in seemingly less time.
Teamwork is today’s Mantra: Long gone are the days of a person working alone. Today, team work is an important feature in not only large corporations but also in medium and small organizations. The productivity of a team player is generally high when compared to a person working alone. The reason is not only the added hands but also the added brains which help in thinking out new, efficient and effective ways to work better.

With the above features and advantages it is very clear that communication plays a major role in today’s business world.

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International Entrepreneurship Assignment Help

2011-10-14T06:21:00.000-07:00

Entrepreneurship can be defined as a process where in opportunities that were not explored earlier are explored are identified and exploited as part of a business process. Entrepreneurship has a great role to play in the development of business organizations. Most of the successful business organizations today were established because the visionaries could observe a potential which other were not able to perceive. Those visions have given rise to what is called as great business opportunities that they have been exploiting.

International Entrepreneurship:

International Entrepreneurship can be defined as a process where by the business process adopts innovative, proactive and exhibits risk-taking behavior. The risk-taking behavior is one of the most important and featured characteristics in an International Entrepreneurship. Higher risks are taken where there is a great uncertainty in the happening of an event. But when the event does happen, the returns will be very high. So, for earning great returns, entrepreneurs are ready to take great risks.

An entrepreneur starts his/her life as an SME or Small or Medium Enterprise. Small or medium enterprises are characterized by the number of employees working in the organization. Usually, a concern is considered to a small or a medium enterprise when the total number of employees are less than 500.

The significance of small and medium enterprises cannot be ignored in today’s global business. In fact, every year many number of SMEs are entering into many fields promoting their business globally. Some of the industries include import and export of goods and services, education, research, business process outsourcing, knowledge process outsourcing, market research, etc. Today, small and medium-scale enterprises are generating more employment than large corporate organizations. People are willing to work in small and medium-sized enterprises. Some people are even trying establish their own enterprises.

In many countries, the socio-political and economic environment plays a major role in encouraging or discouraging a small or a medium-scale business. The framework in a country such as the formalities, hindrances on funds allocation, the tax laws and the bottlenecks in the particular industry play a major role in the development or destruction of small business. In some countries the traditional and conservative attitudes, prejudices and misconceptions of the people also play a major role in the discouragement of small businesses. These conservative attitudes, misconceptions and prejudices narrow down the observation of a person resulting in not grabbing a huge potential or an opportunity in hand.

Apart from cultural aspects, economic aspects such as total lack of or under-availability of resources and lack of capabilities determine to a great extent of the success of the business.

But, some entrepreneurs survive and triumph even in the negative scenarios. Some of the determinants for their success include

Innovation: Innovation is the biggest factors for any entrepreneur. There are so many businesses coming up. But, the most innovative among them will survive. Innovation acts like a shield in the cut-throat competition. Businesses which do not innovate quickly will not be able to survive in the cut-throat competition.
Availability of adequate finances: Finance today, is another, big handicaps for any business. Availability of cheap finance is a promise for the business to bring in more resources, more minds and hands in action.

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Constructivism Assignment Help

2011-10-14T06:16:00.000-07:00

Constructivism is a learning theory that perceives that people acquire knowledge through their experiences, interaction with the outside world and their ideas of the world around them. The theory got wider appreciation through the work of Jean Piaget in the early 20^th century. Hence, he is considered as the founder of Constructivism. The theory of Constructivism is a part of epistemology which is a branch of philosophy which deals with how knowledge is acquired.

The theory has helped in developing ways of finding out how a person’s knowledge in various subjects is acquired and how it is applied in various instances. This theory is much recognized in the field of psychology and in the field of teaching. In the field of teaching it has a greater relevance because it can help teachers in finding out the best ways to teach their students.

Social Constructivism

Social Constructivism is a sociological theory that assumes that within a social group, knowledge is constructed or developed. This is regarded as the driving force behind small and indigenous cultures which share the same kind of beliefs and follow the same traditions. Social Constructivism is one of the major concepts in educational psychology where in constructivism is studied along with behaviorism and social learning in child development.

Personal Constructivism

Personal Constructivism believes that people organize their experiences so that they can understand and understand the flow of their day to day life. The proponents of the theory argue that people devise various ways or hypotheses to understand themselves and the people around them in their own limited sense of the world. It is further argued that personal constructivism has a greater role to play in interpersonal communication as well.

It has been found that people with complex personal constructs have better social perception than people with simple or less complex personal constructs. People with complex constructs because they can make more sophisticated distinctions, they are considered and have also known to be better communicators. The perception of an individual is shaped by the culture, family, social groups and education. These practices have known to shape the perception of a person.

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Classification of Traction from Nursing Assignment Help

2011-10-10T06:39:00.000-07:00

Traction is static in position that provides a form of immobilization. Traction can be continuous and intermittent. Continuous traction is maintained all time for example, traction on an unrepaired fracture. Intermittent traction means it is either applied for short periods of time and for example, intermittent cervical traction or the traction which can be released for short periods of time.

Traction is used as running or balanced suspension traction. Running traction can be applied to a body part with a pull in one direction or along one plane. The only counter traction. It can be used in conjunction with skin or skeletal traction and also keeps the fractured area immobile when the patient moves.

Traction can be classified as manual or mechanical by the way it is applied to the patient’s body. Mechanical traction is also divided into skin and skeletal traction. Plaster and brace are the two other types of traction that are used in specific situations.

Here are some of the forms of the forms of Traction that are given below:

Manual Traction: Manual traction can be performed by a person’s hand exerting a pulling force. It is utilized to reduce fractures and dislocation and also helps to apply a steady pull while mechanical traction is released for readjustment or during a cast is applied. Manual traction should be done with a smooth, firm grip as sudden jerky motions of the can cause extreme pain. Manual traction cannot be used easily as it is restricted to specific orders.
Skin Traction: Skin traction can be directly attached to the patient’s skin to disable a body part continuously or intermittently. The direct application of pulling force of patient’s skin and soft tissues can be effected by using adhesive or nonadhesive cast, a boot, a belt or a halter.
Skeletal Traction: Skeleton traction can be attached directly to the patient’s skeletal system to disable or immobilize a body part. The direct application of pulling force to the patient’s skeletal system may be accomplished by attaching pins, screws, wires and tongs. Skeletal traction allows greater traction time and heavier weights than does skin traction.
Plaster Traction: Plaster traction is skeletal reaction applied by incorporating the ends of pins or wires in a cast that maintains a continuous pulling force. For example, when a short arm cast with skeletal traction on the thumb is used for correction of a first metacarpal fracture.
Brace Traction: Brace traction employs a brace to exert a pull on a portion of the body, as in the case of hyperextension braces or long leg braces for correction of leg alignment deformities due to fractures of the distal portion of the femur.

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Java Script Example For Beginners

2011-10-10T06:18:00.000-07:00

Java Script With An Example:Creating a timing event in an infinite loop

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Java Script Example Help

2011-10-10T06:11:00.000-07:00

Java Script Example: Creating a Timing event in an infinite loop with a stop button

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Java Script Example Explained

2011-10-10T05:37:00.000-07:00

Java Script Example: Creating a Clock with a Timing Event

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Java Script: An Introduction

2011-10-10T05:21:00.000-07:00

Java Script is one of the most pervasive languages found on the internet and World Wide Web. Java Script is useful in making web pages more interactive. The pages can be made to react to the actions of the users in the form of special effects, both visual and otherwise.

Java Script began as a joint effort between Netscape Communications Corporation and Sun Microsystems beginning in the year 1995. Java Script is an object-based, client-side scripting language that can be used to make web pages more dynamic.

Object-based:

Java Script can make use of items called objects. The use of objects is different in Java Script because, here the objects are not class based. There is no distinction between classes and instances.

Client-side:

Java Script is run on the client systems. Here, Java Script is run on the web browser rather than on the web server which is serving a page from the website.

Scripting Language:

A scripting language is very different from the conventional programming languages. One of the main differences is that a scripting language does not require a compiler to run the program. In a scripting language the code is interpreted as it is being loaded. This saves the time of the client.

Some of the important concepts to be kept in mind while using Java Script are

Script tags:

Script tags are used to trigger the beginning and ending of a scripting language in a HTML document. In the most basic forms, these scripting tags are seen as just any other HTML tags.

External Scripts:

External Script file is a text file that contains Java Script code. This is external script is used to run the code on a multiple pages. This is a time saving act for the client.

Variables:

A variable is used to hold value. A variable’s actual value can be altered at any point in time. Variables are used when the coder does not know the kind of values that will be used in the script. Variables can save time in writing and updating the scripts. Variables include data types such as null value, number values, Boolean values, string values, etc.

Functions:

A function can be defined as smaller script within a larger script. Functions are particularly useful for performing small tasks or a series of tasks. Functions are useful in dividing the whole script into smaller parts so that each task is handled. This makes it easier to run the whole script and debug it quickly and easily.

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Types of Security Policies Assignment Help

2011-10-08T03:04:00.000-07:00

The policies for information security must come from all corners of an organization which includes the general staff. These Security Policies are the basis for all information security planning, design and deployment. Such Security Policies should be able to provide a direction on how the issues should be handled and what are the best technologies to be used. These policies will direct how a particular software or equipment should work. This specific information is placed in the standards, procedures and practices.

The starting and the ending point of any qualitative security programs is the policy that has been taken. These security policies are very easy to decide on but they are very difficult to implement in a proper manner.

Security Policies mostly depend upon the context in which they are used. These security policies of an organization are required to protect the information assets of an organization.

Managements often propose three types of security policies. These are

Enterprise Information Security Policies

In Enterprise Information Security Policy, a direct support is given to the organization’s mission, vision and direction. This security policy will view and direct all the security efforts. The EISP on the other hand also provides a direction in the development, implementation and management of the security program and sets out the requirements that must be met by the information security framework.

Issue-specific Security Policies

In Issue-specific Security Policy, the scope and applicability of the security policy is examined. The technologies that need to be used are addressed. Authorization of user access, privacy protection, fair and responsible use of the technology is addressed. Often, the users are prohibited from using the information in a manner that can harm others.

System-specific Security Policies

System-specific Security Policies often include standards and procedures to be implemented while maintaining of systems. This security policy is also used to address the implementation and configuration of technology as well as the behavior of the people.

Information Security Blueprint

After the organization develops the information security policies and standards, the information security department will develop the blueprint for the information security program. The information security department will list all the information assets and prioritizes the threats and dangers of the organization, a risk assessment analysis is conducted. These assessments will help in the design of the security blueprint for the organization.

This security blueprint will act as the basis for the design, selection and implementation of all security program elements including policy implementation, ongoing policy management, risk management programs, education and training programs technological controls and maintenance of the security programs.

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Information Security Principles: An understanding

2011-10-08T03:01:00.000-07:00

A general definition of security is to being in the state of security – to be free from any kind of danger. In other words, security is protection against adversaries – from those who would harm, intentionally or otherwise. Today, we can observe the concept of security in almost every place. The most common forms of security is a unilayered or unifaceted system. But in case of organizations or the nation as such, resort to a multilayered system.

Some of the most common forms of securities that can be found in many organizations include

Physical security
Personnel security
Operations security
Communications security
Network security
Information security

Of the above forms of securities, information security is one of the major concerns today. Information security as defined by the Committee on National Security Systems, defines information security as the protection of information and its critical elements, including the systems and hardware that use, store and transmit that information.

Here the importance of information must be acknowledged. Information is one of the most valued assets today. It is because of the characteristics it possesses. Some of the characteristics that information possesses include availability, accuracy, authenticity, confidentiality, integrity, utility, possession, etc. Information Security Principles are framed by every organization. These Information Security Principles give out security protocols for securing information.

Information needs to be protected from unauthorized access. Information leakage can be dangerous for many organizations. Sometimes, information relating to the internal affairs of an organization are leaked. Such information may include the decision to implement a new type of cost cutting system, the financial information of the organization, the list of customers and their financial information, research and development information, information regarding a new product line, etc. Loosing such information can prove to be very costly for an organization. In case of government, key and strategic information is of utmost importance. Sometimes, information about national security can be at stake. Such information can include the list of weapons, testing of new weapons, key and strategic places where weapons are stored, etc.

All these kinds of information must be protected. This calls for information security approaches which can be implemented. This will include

Bottom-Up Approach: A Bottom-Up approach is the best suited approach for implementing a very good security system. One of the biggest advantages of this system is that the system or the network administrators who are using this system will implement a security system at the grassroot level. This can enhance the information security of the concern. The administrators who possess in-depth knowledge of the system will implement a right security system which would be apt for the organization in terms of their level of operations. In a way, they can help in customizing the security system.

Top-Down Approach: In this approach, the higher management of the organization will issue policy, procedures and processes to implement the type of security in the organization. This type of information security will have its own advantages. The top level management will consult experts before implementing any such system. Experts in the field can forecast future contingencies and will help in preparing for enhanced security procedures which will stop infiltrators from not only entering into the systems now, but also in the future. This will also mean that the information security will be constantly monitored and improvements in the same will be undertaken on a regular basis.

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Mergers & Acquisitions Assignment Help

2011-09-12T06:41:00.001-07:00

Mergers and Acquisitions are important events in today’s business scenario. It is the phenomenon of either two or more companies coming together to form into one bigger organization or buyout of one company by another. These are business transactions in nature involving payment for each unit of stock.

A merger is a consolidation of two or more companies into one, an entirely new company. Acquisition on the other hand is the transfer of ownership and control of one company from the one group of shareholders to another. Leveraged buyout is observed in cases where a large proportion of debt is used for financing the buyout.

Types of Mergers

Mergers and Acquisitions come under three broad categories called horizontal, vertical and conglomerate mergers.

A Horizontal Merger is a merger taking place between companies belonging to one industry. The products of these companies are close substitutes.

A Vertical Merger is a merger which takes place between companies belonging to same industry, but the line of business is different. For example, a company in the telecommunications industry acquiring an internet service provider. Or a mobile phone based company acquiring a land phone based company.

A Conglomerate Merger is a type of merger in which companies which are totally unrelated coming together. For example, a company which is producing heavy engineering products acquiring a 7star chain of hotels can be considered as Conglomerate merger.

Why do companies buy other companies or two or more companies merge into one large company? The reason is that it is very easy to exercise market control when the amount of competition is reduced.

Other reasons include growing economies provide better opportunities which are best made use only through combining companies.

In an economy troubled by ever-increasing prices of raw materials, mergers and acquisitions provide economies to scale in production.

An entry into a new market can be made easier by acquiring an existing company. In this way, the expertise of the acquired company and the capital from the acquiring company can produce a new product whose cost can be very low when compared to other products in the market.

With the above advantages, mergers and acquisitions take place in an economy, which can give a different shape to the industry.

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Working Capital Management Assignment Help

2011-09-12T06:38:00.000-07:00

Working Capital Management is yet another important short-term concept. Working Capital, as the name suggests is that capital which is required to run the day to day activities of a firm. These include the day to day operations such as buying of raw materials, maintenance of stock, producing the goods and selling these products.

Net working capital = current assets – current liabilities

Net operating working capital = current assets – non-interest bearing current liabilities

Equity working capital = current assets – current liabilities – long-term debt

All these activities require money. For some expenses, credit is provided and for some expenses, cash is to be paid without any delays. All these expenses have to be met for selling the goods at hand. Only after the goods have been sold, that the company can realize revenues and eventually profits. Until, that time, the company will have to bear the expenses.

The above mentioned raw materials, inventory, goods-in-progress, debtors and finished goods are all current assets. These current assets are meant to be realized within a maximum time of one year. Here cash flows of a company are the deciding factor in the working capital.

Working capital Management and Requirements differ from industry to industry and from company to company. Keeping the industry norms as a standard, a company will have to decide its own working capital range depending upon its scale of operations.

For industries where the concentration is more in producing goods, the investment in long-term assets such as plant and machinery is much greater in comparison to the current assets such as raw materials, creditors or debtors and other current assets and liabilities.

In companies which are into retail businesses, the investment in current assets and liabilities is much greater in comparison to the long-term assets such as land and buildings.

Firms on the other hand will also have to maintain a certain amount of cash on a daily basis. The degree of uncertainty in the future requirement of cash is one of the reasons for this.

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Dividend Policy Assignment Help

2011-09-12T06:30:00.000-07:00

Dividends are those earnings which are distributed among stockholders of a company. These earnings are paid either in cash or in stock, generally on a quarterly basis and may be paid only out of retained earnings, not from invested capital. Dividends are only paid when the company’s profitability can support this payout. The more and regular the company’s profitability, the regular the payment of dividends. The amount of dividend paid for each share depends on the organization’s policy towards them. Organizations are not obligated legally to pay dividends, but to keep the investors interested in the organization, the management pays out dividend, though the percentage of dividends per share can differ from year to year, as it depends on the profitability of the company.

There are other factors also which decide the payment of dividend in the company. These include corporate growth rate, restrictive covenants, earnings stability, degree of debt and tax factors.

Dividend Policy

Dividend Policy is important in addressing certain factors such as:

Influences the investors’ decisions: General public which wants to invest in an organization will look for two factors, the profitability of the company and the overall growth rate of the company. Profitability will determine the company’s dividend payout ratio and of course growth rate of the company is also an important factor. So, a company seeking good investor support shall have to decide a dividend policy which can keep the investors happy.

Impact on finance program and capital budget of a company: Dividend policy is one of the factors influencing a company’s finance and capital budget. The profits of a company pertaining to a quarter or a year are generally taken into consideration. These profits are either saved as retained earnings or they can be paid out. Retained earnings are good source of generating internal finance. A company cannot in many circumstances save 100% of the profits or payout 100% of the profits as dividends. Many a times, it needs to strike a balance between dividend payout ratio and retained earnings ratio. The percentages can be 50: 50, 60:40, 70:30, etc.

A company cannot afford paying out high dividend rates every year. Instead, it can adopt a low dividend payout ratio which can be helpful during the years of low earnings as well.

High dividend ratio will affect the cash flow of the company. Companies with poor liquidity ratio cannot payout dividends because of less availability of cash.

High dividend ratio will decrease the stockholders’ equity, since dividends are paid from retained earnings. The result is higher debt to equity ratio.

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Skin and its functions Assignment Help

2011-09-09T06:39:00.000-07:00

Skin is the largest single organ in the body, which serves three major functions such as, to protect the body in the environment, to regulate the temperature of the body and to transmit information from the environment to the brain. There are numerous protective functions of the skin. Over 70% of the body is composed of water. The water contains a delicate balance of chemical substances in solution. The skin watertight and serves to keep this balanced internal solution intact. The skin also protects the body from the invasion of infectious organisms, bacteria, viruses and fungi. These organisms are everywhere and are routinely found lying on the skin surface and deep in its grooves and glands. However, they never penetrate the skin unless it is broken by injury. Thus, the skin provides a constant protection against outside invaders.

The energy of the body is derived from metabolism or chemical reactions that take place within a very narrow temperature range. If the body temperature is too low, these reactions cannot proceed, metabolism ceases and the body dies. If the temperature becomes too high, the rate of metabolism increases. Dangerously high temperatures producing too high a metabolic rate can result in permanent tissue damage and death.

Skin and its Functions

The major organ for regulation of body temperature is the skin. Blood vessels in the skin constrict when the body is in a cold environment and dilate when the body is in a warm environment. In a cold environment, constriction of the blood vessels shunts the blood away from the skin to decrease the amount of heat radiated from the body surface. When the outside environment is hot, the vessels in the skin dilate, the skin becomes flushed or red and heat radiates from the body surface.

Also, in the hot environment, sweat is secreted to the skin surface from the sweat glands. Evaporation of the sweat requires energy. This energy, as body heat is taken from the body during the evaporation process, which causes the body temperature to fall. Sweating alone will not reduce body temperature, evaporation of the sweat must also occur.

Information from the environment is carried to the brain through a rich supply of sensory nerves that originates in the skin. Nerve endings that lie in the skin are adapted to perceive and transmit information about heat, cold, external pressure, pain and the position of the body in space. The skin thus recognizes any changes in the environment. The skin also reacts to pressure, pain and pleasurable stimuli.

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Respiratory Failure and Respiratory Arrest Assignment Help

2011-09-09T06:35:00.000-07:00

Respiratory Failure and Respiratory Arrest or cardiac arrest is the most frequent pediatric pre-hospital medical problem. Of all conditions causing respiratory disease in children, asthma is the most common. Many other illnesses such as, foreign bodies and trauma can cause respiratory problems in children. Good estimation and early intervention for pediatric respiratory problems can avert serious illness and preventable death and may shorten treatment time in the emergency department.

It is necessary to focus on certain key physical signs and symptoms will allow the pre-hospital professional to rapidly assess the effectiveness of gas exchange in the airways and lung alveoli. Using PAT (Paroxysmal atrial tachycardia) is a first and important step in determining the severity of the disease, localizing the physiologic problem and beginning treatment. Appearance reflects the overall state of ventilation and oxygenation. Increased work of breathing indicates either airway obstruction at some level or a problem in gas exchange at the alveolar level. It is often an early sign of hypoxia or hypercapnia. Fading respiratory effort is a sign of severe hypoxia or hypercapnia. Cyanosis of the skin or mucous membranes also indicates severe hypoxia.

The initial assessment includes counting the respiratory rate, performing hands-on chest auscultation and obtaining pulse oximetry. This assessment not only provides a picture of respiratory function, but also helps prioritize general and specific treatments as well as invasive and timing of transport.

Respiratory Failure

Respiratory failure occurs when the infant or child exhausts his energy reserves or can no longer maintain oxygenation and ventilation. When the effects of the respiratory insult begin to overwhelm the child’s ability to respond, she begins to decompensate. Respiratory failure may occur when chest wall muscles get tired after a long period of increased work of breathing. An abnormal appearance or cyanosis in a child with an increased work of breathing indicates probable respiratory failure. An abnormally low respiratory rate and decreased respiratory effort, usually with bradycardia, also indicates probable respiratory failure. Respiratory failure must be treated immediately to restore good oxygenation and ventilation and to prevent respiratory arrest.

Respiratory Arrest

Respiratory arrest means absence of effective breathing. If ventilation and oxygenation are not immediately supported, respiratory arrest will rapidly progress to full cardiopulmonary arrest. Most episodes of cardiac arrest in pediatric patients begin as respiratory arrest. Intervening at this point will often prevent cardiac arrest. Early intervention in respiratory failure and arrest will have a far better chance of producing neurologically intact survivors than treatment of full blown cardiac arrest, which has an extremely low probability of survival.

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Motivation At Workplace: An Introduction

2011-09-09T06:25:00.000-07:00

Motivation At Workplace is one of the primary ways through which employees are engaged effectively and efficiently within an organization for the accomplishment of its goals. Many of the human resource activities are directed towards increasing the productivity of employees. Many techniques for motivation at workplace are used by the human resources department in accordance with the other departments.

The need for motivation

In order to understand motivation clearly, we must understand the relationship between motivation and performance. Looking closely at performance, we can observe that performance is what the people do rather than the results of their work. It is a multi-dimensional concept where the in-role and extra-role of each employee is also counted. Motivation at workplace is the willingness of an employee to perform the job assigned to him. Motivation concerns the arousal, direction and persistence of an employee to perform the job that has been assigned.

Douglas McGregor was one of the first proponents of Motivation at workplace. He wrote about different human behaviors. These were clearly explained in his theories of X and Y. Theory X represents those people who are lazy, who avoid taking responsibilities and who have to be threatened to make them work. And Theory Y represents those people who are naturally inclined to work.

A detailed view of both these theories will reveal their differences.

Theory X	Theory Y
People are lazy	People are active and like to work
People need to be controlled and coordinated	People are self-controlled and self-coordinated
People need motivation to work	People do not need external motivation as they are self-motivated
People are not very smart	People are smart
People need encouragement to do a good work	People want to do a good work naturally

Both the theories in action

It is a known fact that people behave as per their opinions and opinions are based on personal experiences. In motivation theories also, the same can be observed. McGregor points that managers can be categorized as Theory X managers and Theory Y managers.

Managers under Theory X believe that people are generally lazy and they need to be motivated. The motivation can be either positive motivation or negative motivation. Positive motivation includes presenting awards or incentives for outstanding performances, whereas negative motivation includes instilling fear in employees. Employees are threatened of firing from their jobs because of lack of performance. The manager does not generally trust the employees and thinks that the employees do not take responsibility. The instances of Theory X can be seen in almost every place or every organization.

Managers in Theory Y on the other hand believe that people are naturally motivated to do their work and they do not require any kind of motivation and supervision. Managers under this theory assign responsibilities to their subordinates and find that the work is done without any delays. Employees are never threatened of firing from their jobs by the managers as there is no such complaint against people under theory Y of lack of performance. People under Theory Y are also self-motivated, smart and they know to do their work in the most efficient way and in the least time possible.

In today’s business and corporate world, when we look internally in an organization we can observe that both theory X and Y exist. These theories are found in almost all organizations. But, it is seldom found that an organization exclusively has Theory X people and another organization has Theory Y people exclusively. Theory X and Y people are scattered among the population and it is hard to pinpoint them.

For more details you can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/human-resources-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com

These are some of our previous articles on Human Resources which include Human Resources – The new role, Human Resources Time Management, Recruitments & Selection Strategies, Compensation & Rewards

Human Resource Planning Assignment Hep

2011-09-09T06:21:00.000-07:00

Human Resource Planning is an important step towards acquiring right people in the right place at the right time. Lack of accurate planning will hamper the organization’s position in the market. The organization may not function as expected because the right people may not have been put in the right places.

An effective Human Resource Planning will save the organization a lot of money because, when inefficient people are placed in key or strategic positions, the growth of the organization is affected and the organization can incur losses. An organization also cannot afford to be understaffed or overstaffed. If it is understaffed, the organization will have to hire more people which will incur an additional cost. If the organization is overstaffed, then the extra employees will have to be paid salaries with no productivity from their side.

An organization also needs to care of the career development of its employees. Employees are known to shift jobs, when there is no apparent career development options open to them in their organization. For this purpose a strategic human resource planning needs to be made so that it can encompass aspects such as hiring, training, the actual work, career development, etc.

The role of Strategic Human Resource Planning

The planning function of human resources is the driving force behind all the other functions. Staffing needs are identified before other functions are addressed. Once the staffing needs have been identified and the plans are completed, the remaining functions can be integrated into a cohesive plan. Only after this stage are the other stages or functions such as recruitment, training, deployment and career development are looked at.

Human Resource Planning is the process where the need of the organization are identified and there upon the right kind of people who fit the job are recruited. This is an ongoing process in many organizations as finding the right kind of people for the organization cannot be predicted in any case.

Human Resources Planning assists an organization in realizing its strategic objectives. The human resource needs of the firm are projected and the appropriate people are identified, hired, promoted, transferred and/or trained.

An effective human resource planning helps in adapting to an ever-changing environment of today’s business by giving more flexibility to the organization.

For more details you can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/human-resources-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com

These are some of our previous articles, which include Human Resources – The new role, Human Resources Time Management, Recruitments & Selection Strategies, Compensation & Rewards

Training in Human Resources Management Assignment Help

2011-09-09T06:18:00.000-07:00

In today’s competitive world, every organization has to adapt to new changes in order to stay ahead in the competition. The changes include the way many operations are performed in an organization. These include some of the simplest things to the some of the most advanced things such as implementation of a new technology, etc. For this reason, training is an ongoing process in any organization.

Training is the process by which people acquire capabilities to perform new operations or jobs and also perform old operations in a more efficient way. Training provides employees with specific, identifiable knowledge and skills for use in their present jobs. The skills that are taught at organizational level include “hard skills” and “soft skills”. Hard skills include teaching new technologies and new techniques to employees. Where as soft skills include communication, mentoring, managing meetings, team work, etc.

Training in Human Resources Management

The most common training topics include among others, safety, customer service, computer skills, quality initiatives, dealing with sexual harassment and communication. Training employees comes with many benefits as research suggests. These benefits include enhanced skills, greater ability to adapt and innovate, better self-management and performance improvement. Research has shown that organizations which provide adequate training to their employees brings improvements in effectiveness and productivity, more profitability and reduced costs, improved quality and increased social capitol.

Competitiveness and Training in Human Resources Management in an Organization

Many of the top companies in the world have recognized the importance of training their employees and managers. These companies have recognized that training is integral to the success of the business. The rapid in change in technological innovation have made it a compulsion for companies to train their employees on new technologies so that they would not fall behind in the competition. When employees of an organization fall behind, it is the company that is ultimately loosing.

There is a need for continuous training for the staff members which will develop their knowledge, skills and abilities. Employee training is also essential for retention of employees. The biggest reason for a change in job by many employees is career development opportunities. If the employees find career development opportunities in the present company itself, they would not move from the organization. Thereby the cost of layoff is reduced to minimum.

Performance Integration with Training

Integration of job performance, training, and employee learning needs to be done, in order to make them effective. The HR plays a crucial role in this integration. Some organizations that use real business problems have been very successful in optimally training their employees when compared to companies that use traditional methods. Today, many organizations are making sure that the training that they provide is very practical. It is in the sense that companies offering real business problems enhance the authenticity of training and make very realistic and interesting.

Training for Global Assignment

With the advent of multinationals, many companies from foreign origin are entering into the industry. And at the same time, national companies are entering international boundaries. In order that a person from a foreign country converses freely, without any issue, cross-cultural training is provided to employees. This cross-cultural training is very important because employees with training and experience in the technical aspects could not understand the host country’s culture. This can pose a threat to the company’s future.

For more details you can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/human-resources-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com

Human Resources – The new role, Human Resources Time Management, Recruitments & Selection Strategies, Compensation & Rewards

Concept of PNSA or Perioperative Nurse Surgeon Assistant

2011-09-07T06:30:00.000-07:00

PNSA role stands for Perioperative Nurse Surgeon Assistant. Nurses play an important role in health care centers. In various cases they also look after the patient by providing direct care and prescribed medication by the doctor. Usually nurses’ work in shift basis, as the working hours can be increased depending on the position that they hold. A nurse who assists a surgeon in an operating room is known as perioperative nurse or operating nurse. Here, these perioperative nurses hold a responsibility of operating room’s activities such as, organizing, planning, directing and coordinating. Nurses who registered can specialize in patient care specialties according to their personal preference and job requirement. Only the registered perioperative nurse can assist a surgeon in operating room.

Preioperative nurses are also capable of working as circulator nurses and scrub nurses. A circulator nurse purely assists the surgeon by providing nursing care to the patient inside the operating room. Patient’s condition in an operating room is always being checked out before, during and after the operation by a circulator nurse to ensure the best outcome. UAP, Licensed vocational or Licensed Practice nurse may not be appointed for the role of the circulator nurse.

A scrub nurse, who provides assistance to the surgeon in sterile area such as tray within sterile towel and gloves, surgical instruments, sponges etc. Usually all the surgeon team members wear surgical gowns, caps, eyewear, gloves and scrubbed their hands and arms with disinfected soap. This sterile field can be delegated to UAP (Unlicensed Assistive Personnel), LVP or LPN.

The job of a nurse is not only to take care of patients must be able to handle other hospital units and should be capable of working with patient’s families etc. A perioperative nurse job can be divided into three parts such as,

1. The pre-operative: In the pre-operative part a nurse should be able to explain the operation procedure to the patient’s family. And must apply the proper medication along with anesthesia etc to get ready for the operation.

2. The Surgery: In a surgery a preioperative nurse should play the role of both circulator and scrub nurse to provide the total assistance in surgery.

3. The post-operative: After the surgery, a nurse assists or helps the patient in his/her total recovery.

The role of the perioperative nurse is purely required in the hospital surgical departments. Working as perioperative nurse, one can also become a RN (Registered Nurse) first assistant. Later on one can also become a clinical educator, medical sales professional or a consultant. Perioperative nurses have a chance of becoming nurse anesthetist with the help of higher education and advanced training.

Today nursing field has many opportunities in hospitals, health care centers, physician’s offices, surgery unit, ambulatory surgery and clinics etc.

For more details you can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/nursing-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com for more details.

STP Strategies and Decision Making Assignment Help

2011-09-07T06:26:00.000-07:00

STP strategies are so called because they represent a sequence of actions. These are Segmenting, Targeting and Positioning. These strategies are very much important in marketing as they determine the product of the company, the target market in which the product is released the positioning the product in the market. STP or Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning can be regarded as one of the best strategies for designing a product.

Segmentation is one of the most primary activities of a company. If a company wants to introduce a new product, then the company needs to survey number of industries to look for a promising, potential market where they can introduce a new product. Segmentation consists of dividing the market on the basis of the segments such as gender, age, preferences, culture, education, etc. People falling into these groups are taken into consideration and products are designed to meet their specifications. For example, a video game console making company today, will take into consideration the age of the game players. The general age of gamers today is teenage and early to mid twenties. Most of the video games are also developed taking into consideration their interests.

Targeting is the next step in the process of design and decision making. In this process a product is designed, keeping in mind one ore more segments that were identified during the market segmentation. Target marketing differs from mass marketing. Mass marketing, as the name suggests, is intended to reach the whole population at large. But, target marketing is intended to reach the specific audience. In the above example of video games, teenagers and young people are often targeted. Most of these games are played by boys and the best way to attract teenage and adult men is through action oriented games which are violent. So, in the gaming segment, the general targets are teenagers and young people. Children and preteens also come under a segment. The games designed for children are not so violent and these games are generally based on their favorite movie or cartoon characters like Batman, Spiderman, Ironman, Hulk, Superman, etc.

Positioning is the next step in the process of STP decision making. It can be described as the process in which the target market is targeted. This is done through proper advertising. Advertising, as we know is the process of communicating to the customer. The purpose of an advertisement is fulfilled only when it has effectively communicated to the target audience. The purpose of positioning is to place the product in such a position where the product and its perceived uses are known to the customers.

These actions are sequential most of the time, but there exceptions for the sequences to take place in the correct order. There are some exceptions, for example, when Mountain Dew was launched for the first time, it was promoted as carbonated water. But, after a loosing battle with the giant in the industry, Coca-Cola, Mountain Dew took a new avatar by endorsing extreme sports. Only after taking up extreme sports as their mascot, they were able to succeed in the market. In the case of Mountain Dew, the target section was the young audience. This was only realized after loosing the battle and then again concentrating on the younger generation through extreme sports were they able to succeed.

You can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/marketing-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com for more details.

You can also refer to our older articles on Marketing which include Product Life Cycle, Market Analysis, Customer Relationship Management, Customer Lifetime Value

Significance of Information in Marketing Assignment Help

2011-09-07T06:06:00.000-07:00

Markets and the companies operating in markets are linked by information. Increase in the amount of information available to the companies can lead to the complex decision making environment. Lack of proper information at the company’s end will make the process of decision making a mere guess work. Though guess work is a cheaper way of decision making, it comes with a great price. One wrong decision can lead to major mistake and even the closure of the company in some cases. Thus, marketing managers need to take more calculated decisions in a dynamic environment. The marketing management will need timely, accurate, valid and reliable information which can be used in the decision making as well as in making good plans. The accuracy of information is very essential in making correct decisions while avoiding costly mistakes by intuitive guess work. Accurate, valid and reliable information is very essential for a marketing planning and implementation control to survive.

Marketing managers often face a two-fold dilemma. The first issue is when adequate or no information is available to take a proper decision. The second issue is that, information is available in abundance to take a decision, but the information is not available in a standard format. In both the cases, decision making for marketing managers becomes a tough job. These information gaps must be reduced so that the process of decision making is not hampered.

The significance of information in Marketing Management

Time is one of the major constraints in the scarce and competitive markets. Taking quick decisions is as important as taking right decisions. In many cases taking right decision requires time and taking a hasty decision does not require time. So, a management must strike a balance between taking the right decisions and taking them in time. The management has to deal with lack of information in some situations and availability of information in others. The decisions in both these situations are time bound. The need for reliable information can be explained with these instances. Information management is therefore focused on collecting, maintaining and accessing available data for management decisions.

Data that is available can be pertaining to external environment and internal environment. These include

External Information	Internal Information
Macro Environment	Micro-environment
Economy	Top management
Technology	Financial
Socio-cultural	Production and technical
Legal-Institutional	Human resources
International	Purchasing
Market Environment	Public relations
Consumers	Marketing, markets, products, communication and prices
Intermediaries
Competitors
Suppliers

Both Internal information and External information help in Marketing Decision making.

One of the central area of work in Information in Marketing Management is converting data into information. We know that data is raw in nature. The data in its raw form cannot be read that easily. This data must be processed into meaningful information which can make sense. Whenever a survey is conducted by a company, the data that is collected is arranged according to the given criteria. This data is processes with the criteria in mind and the information thus obtained can aid in the decision making process.

With the improvements in technology, the collection and processing of information has become a less complex task. Thus the role of information management has improved dramatically with their significance in decisio making.

You can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/marketing-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com for more details.

You can also refer to our older articles on Marketing which include Product Life Cycle, Market Analysis, Customer Relationship Management, Customer Lifetime Value

Marketing: Target Market Selection Assignment Help

2011-09-07T05:54:00.000-07:00

The marketer develops a complete profile of the various segments found in the market, one or more is selected for a concerned marketing effort. This is known as market targeting.

How to select potential Target Markets

For effective targeting of market segments, segments must conform to the following criteria.

Identification: Markets segments should be of such a nature that it is easily identifiable. Segmentation variables based on geographic or demographic information is easily identifiable, where psychographic information like lifestyle, activities and opinion is not that easy to identify. Potential market must be worthwhile to marketers and therefore be big enough and sufficient. Marketers can use demographic and geographic information to determine how large and profitable the target market is.
Stability: Marketers prefer target consumer segments that are relatively stable in terms of demographic and psychographic factors with customer needs that increase over time. If this is not possible, the markets must at least be of such a nature that there will be early indicators of changes in the segment so that the marketing strategy can be adopted accordingly.
Accessibility: It is the final criteria in target market selection. This implies that the target market must be economically accessible. Therefore, marketers must be able to reach the targeted market effectively at an affordable cost with the correct application of media such as radio, television, newspaper and magazines.

But before a target market is selected there are certain other criteria which must also be observed.

Size and Growth of the Target market: A target market need not necessarily be large. A small one can be more profitable than one in which a large sales volume can be realized. Marketing management must be convinced that there are further growth possibilities and that investing in the target market under consideration does not have only a short-term dimension.
Attractiveness and potential profitability: The attractiveness of a target market lies not only in its size and growth possibilities but also in the promise of long-term profitability. Attractive segments attract competitors and intense competition can have a detrimental effect on future profits. Serious threats to attractive segments are aggressive competitors who can launch price wars or intense advertising campaigns or even develop new substitute products.
Resources and Skills of the organization: Promising segment opportunities that do not fit in with the long-term objectives set by management cannot be utilized. The same applies when resources and skills to exploit the opportunity are lacking. A segment can only be chosen as a target market if marketing management is fully committed to serving this target market better than any other competitor can.
Compatibility with the organization’s objectives: Apart from the resources and skills of the organization, the choice of a target market must also take into account compatibility with the objectives of the organization. If it is found that the objectives of the organization cannot be fulfilled by the choice of a particular market segment, it should be disregarded.
Cost of reaching the target market: When a potential target market is inaccessible to an organization’s marketing strategies or the cost to reach it is too high, it should not be considered.

You can visit our website at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/marketing-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com for more details.

You can also refer to our older articles on Marketing which include Product Life Cycle, Market Analysis, Customer Relationship Management, Customer Lifetime Value

Cost Accounting: Job Costing Assignment Help

2011-09-06T06:41:00.000-07:00

A Job Cost System (job costing) accumulates costs incurred according to the individual jobs. Companies generally use job cost systems when they can identify separate products or when they produce goods to meet a customer’s particular needs.

Job Costing assigns costs to a specific unit or to a small batch of products that passes through production as a distinct identifiable job. Each job is a separate cost object. Different jobs can vary considerably in materials, labor and manufacturing overhead costs, so job costing accumulates these costs separately for each individual job.

Who uses job costing?

Job costing is common in industries that produce goods to meet customers’ specifications. Dell custom-builds each personal computer based on the exact components the customer orders. Since each PC is unique, Dell treats each order as a unique job. Dell uses job costing to keep track of the cost of producing each separate job. Job Costing would also be used by Boeing (airplanes), custom-home builders (unique houses), high-end jewelers and custom furniture and drapery manufactures.

This also includes examples such as homebuilders who design specific houses for each customer and accumulate the costs separately for each job and caterers who accumulate the costs of each banquet separately. Consulting law and public accounting firms use job costing to measure the costs of serving each client. Motion pictures, printing and other industries where unique jobs are produced use job costing. Hospitals also use job costing to determine the cost of each patient’s care.

However, job costing is not confined to manufacturers. Service providers such as hospitals and physicians, law firms, accounting firms and marketing firms all use job costing to determine the cost of serving their clients.

The companies use job costing when different jobs vary widely in:

The resources and time required
The complexity of the production process

As, a result the jobs are so different, it would not be reasonable to assign them equal costs. Therefore the cost of each job is compiled separately.

For more details you can visit our websites at http://www.helpwithassignment.com/accounting-assignment-help and http://www.helpwiththesis.com

Activity Based Costing Assignment Help

2011-09-06T06:33:00.000-07:00

Activity-Based Costing is a particular type of cost accounting methodology. Cost accounting in turn, is a subset of Management Accounting. Management Accounting has an internal focus, as it is intended for use by management in decision making. The internal focus of Management Accounting contrasts with that of financial accounting applies generally accepted accounting principles to create statements intended for third parties outside the organization.

Management Accounting techniques, in contrast, use information from different disciplines including accounting and from multiple sources to assist management with internal problem solving. Here, we can understand that management accounting techniques may well differ from generally accepted accounting principles and these techniques will also differ from one organization to another. As a result they do not follow to any particular set of rules, a great deal of philosophical flexibility is left to the organization decision makers.

Cost accounting allows measurement and provides cost information. The more specific the unit of service in question, the more complex is cost measurement. It is far easier to determine the total costs of a specific unit of service, such as particular lab test. That includes the tracing and measurement of costs is one the difficult and the most important tasks for heath care organizations.

The concept of Activity-Based Costing

Activity-Based Costing has two major elements-cost measures and performance measures. Activity-based costing is a methodology that measures the cost and performance of activities, resources and cost objects. Resources are assigned to activities, then activities are assigned to cost objects based on their use. Activity-based costing recognizes the casual relationships of cost drives to activities. The basic concept of ABC is that activities consume resources to produce an output. Expenses should be separated and matched to the level of activity that consumes the resources. Specifically, the expenses that are needed to produce should be separated from the expenses that are incurred to produce different products or services or to serve different payers. This separation should be independent of how many units are produced or sold.

The ABC approach differs from the traditional approach because of its fundamental concentration on activities .An ABC approach uses both financial and nonfinancial variables as bases for cost allocation. A typical ABC approach utilizes more indirect cost pools than does the traditional approach and uses a greater number of cost drivers as cost allocation bases.

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Market Segmentation Assignment Help

2011-09-06T06:21:00.000-07:00

The starting point of segmentation is mass marketing. In mass marketing, the seller engages in mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion of one product for all the buyers. Henry Ford epitomized this strategy when he offered the Model-T Ford in one color, black. Coca-Cola also practiced mass marketing when it sold only one kind of Coke in a 6.5 ounce bottle.

The argument for mass marketing is that it creates the largest potential market, which leads to the lowest costs, which in turn can lead to lower prices or higher margins. However, many critics point to the increasing splintering of the market and proliferation of advertising media and distribution channels, which are making it difficult and increasingly expensive to reach a mass audience.

Segment Marketing

A market segment consists of group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants. Rather than creating the segments, the marketer’s task is to identify them and decide which ones to target. Segment marketing offers key benefits over mass marketing. The company can offer better design, price, disclose and deliver the product or service and also can fine tune the marketing program and activities to better reflect competitors’ marketing.

However, even a segment is partly a fiction, in that not everyone wants exactly the same present flexible market offerings to all members of a segment. A flexible market offering consists of two parts of solution containing the product and service elements that all segment members value, and discretionary options that some segment members value. Each option might carry an additional charge. For example, automobile companies in India offer different versions of the same model with different features. The base model of the vehicle may not have an air conditioner or power steering or power windows. But, for models that have these features, the buyer has to pay a higher price. Similarly, domestic airlines in India offer economy class and business or executive class for travelers and the prices of these two options differ significantly. The executive or business class passengers get extra facilities, such as more comfortable seats, better menu for food, and greater preference while checking in and boarding the aircraft.

We can characterize market segments in different ways. One way is to identify preference segments. Homogeneous preferences exist when all customers have roughly the same preferences. The market shows no natural segments. At the other extreme, consumers in diffused preferences vary greatly in their preferences. If several brands are in the market, they are likely to position themselves throughout the space and show real differences to match differences in consumer preference. Finally, clustered preferences result when natural market segments emerge from groups of consumers with shared preferences.

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Debt Equity Ratio: How much Debt is to be Borrowed

2011-09-05T06:34:00.000-07:00

If a person wants to buy a car that costs $10000. He decides to make and down payment of 60% or $6000 and asks a bank to finance the remaining 40%. The bank is quite willing to enter into the deal, since it holds a car valued at $10000 as collateral for its $4000.

This is a basic example of how a company would think in terms of raising finance through equity and debt. If the owners of the company provide all the finance and don’t rely on debt, then we can say the firm is an all-equity or an unlevered firm. On the other hand, a firm that uses debt financing is a levered firm. The more debt a firm has, the greater its financial leverage. Financial leverage is the use of debt to multiply the effectiveness of equity. Leverage can improve good results – or it can worsen results that are already poor. If it is used properly, financial leverage can be effective in improving financial performance. But there is a disadvantage: when we increase financial leverage, we increase the risk for the firm. So, for a company to succeed financially, it must employ the best debt equity ratio.

An all equity firm can borrow money by buying some of its shares back from shareholders, it has restructured its capital to include more debt.

	Before Restructuring	After Restructuring
Equity	1000	750
Debt	0	250
Total Capital	1000	1000

An enterprise may restructure in this way if it believes that

It will improve the financial performance of the firm, or
The share is undervalued in the market.
How does the debt-equity mix affect the performance of a firm

We measure the performance of a firm by the ratio of net profit to equity. This ratio is called the return on equity (ROE) and is determined by dividing the net profit by the equity listed on the balance sheet.

ROE = Net profit/ Equity

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Risk-free Investment Model Assignment Help

2011-09-05T06:32:00.000-07:00

Suppose there is no risk or a problem that needs to be faced. By claiming that there is no risk, one can assume that if an amount is invested in order to receive a stream of benefits in the future, all those future benefits are certain to arrive. This is problematic because the purpose of the analysis is basically to enable us to distinguish among projects. If the world were to entail no risk, this must mean that all the future cash flows would be known with certainty. Then so far, no investment opportunity could be any better or worse than any other. So a Risk-free Investment Model might only be a whim of fantasy but not in reality. It is not practical to think of a Risk-free Investment Model.

Suppose for instance that the prevailing rate of interest were 12%. Now suppose an investor wished to invest in a new machine. The price of the machine would be fixed in the market. Since the future cash flows that the machine could generate would be certain, then both buyers and sellers of such machines would be aware of these returns. Buyers would be prepared to pay any price up to that which would bring the returns down to 12%. At any higher price they would not buy, since other opportunities would be available to them giving this return. Sellers similarly would not price the machines any lower since buyers would be willing to pay that price which led to a 12% return.

Thus any asset in a world of risk-free markets would, as a result of the market forces acting on the asset price, generate more or less than the prevailing interest rate. Hence there would be no investment decision problems whatever, because all assets would be equally desirable as uses of the investor’s funds.

In general it can be said that a sum of money received now is preferred to that same sum receivable at a future time. The reason for this is neither inflation nor risk. Time preference must not be confused with inflation for, although it is true that in most western countries the value of money has consistently declined over time. Even if there were no inflation, present consumption would be preferred to that in t he future, even if the future consumption is absolutely certain.

This can be explained through opportunity cost. If a sum is received immediately, it can be invested in one or more projects and yield a return. A loan, for instance, will yield interest. The deferral of the receipt to a future time means that the opportunity to invest it now lost and the difference between present and future receipt can thus be understood as the opportunity cost of the investment opportunity foregone.

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Analyzing and Improving Financial Performance

2011-09-05T06:30:00.000-07:00

Companies must be able to measure managerial performance if they are to control operations and achieve organizational goals. As companies grow or their activities become more complex, they often attempt to decentralize decision making as much as possible by restructuring into several divisions and treating each as an independent business. The managers of these sub-units or segments are evaluated on the basis of the effectiveness with which they use the assets entrusted to them.

Perhaps the most widely used single measure of success of an organization and its sub-units is the rate of return on investment (ROI). A related measure is the return to stockholders, known as the return on equity (ROE).

Return on Investment:

ROI relates net income to invested capital (total assets). It provides a standard for evaluating how efficiently management employs the average dollar invested in a business’s assets. An increase in ROI can translate directly into a higher return on the stockholders’ equity.

ROI is calculated as:

ROI = Net profits after taxes/ Total assets

If the total assets = $100,000 and net profit after taxes = $18000, then

ROI = Net profits after taxes/ Total assets = $18000/$100000 = 18%.

Du Pont Formula

ROI can be broken down into factors – profit margin and asset turnover. In the past, managers have tended to focus only on profit margin and have ignored the turnover of assets. However, having excessive funds tied up in the assets can be just as much a drag on profitability as can excessive expenses. The Du Pont Corporation was the first major company to recognize the importance of looking at both net profit margin and total asset turnover in assessing the performance of an organization. The ROI breakdown, known as the Du Pont Formula, is expressed as a product of these two factors.

ROI = Net profit after taxes/ Total assets × Sales/ Total assets = net profit margin × total asset turnover

No one ROI is satisfactory for all companies. Sound and successful operation results in an optimum combination of profits, sales and capital employed, but the precise combination necessarily varies with the nature of the business and the characteristics of the product.

Improving Return to Stockholders Through Financial Leverage

Generally, a high level of management performance, defined as a high or above-average ROI, produces a high return to equity holders. However, even a poorly managed company that suffers from a below-average performance can generate an above-average return on the stockholders’ equity, or return on equity (ROE). It can do this through the use of borrowed funds that can magnify the returns paid out to stockholders.

A variant of the Du Pont Formula, called the modified Du Pont formula, reflects this effect. The formula ties together the company’s ROI and its degree of financial leverage, that is, its use of borrowed funds. Financial leverage is measured by the equity multiplier. This ratio, which is calculated by dividing total assets by stockholders’ equity, gives an indication of the extent to which a company’s assets are financed by stockholders’ equity and borrowed funds.

The Return on Equity (ROE) is calculated as

ROI = Net profit after taxes/ stockholders equity

= Net profit after taxes/ Total assets × Total assets/ stockholders equity

= ROI × Equity Multiplier

ROE measures the returns earned on both preferred and common stockholders’ investments. The use of the equity multiplier to convert the ROI to the ROE reflects the impact of the leverage on the stockholders’ return.

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Finance Budgeting Assignment Help

2011-09-05T06:28:00.000-07:00

A Budget represents a company’s annual financial plan. A comprehensive Finance Budget is a formal statement of management’s expectation for sales, expenses, volume and other financial transactions for the coming period. It consists basically of a pro-forma income statement, pro-forma balance sheet and cash budget.

Finance Budgeting is a tool for both planning and control. At the beginning of the period, the budget is a plan or standard. At the end of the period it serves as a control device by which management can measure its success in achieving the goals outlined in the budget and plan to improve future performance.

With the aid of computer technology, budgeting can be used to evaluate a variety of “what-if” scenarios. Such analyses make it easier for management to find the best course of action among various alternatives. If management does not like what it sees on the budgeted financial statements, it can alter its contemplated planning decisions.

Finance Budgeting is classified into two broad categories.

Operating Budget
Financial Budget

Operating Budget consists of

Sales Budget
Production Budget
Direct material budget
Direct labor budget
Factory overhead budget
Selling and administrative expense budget
Pro forma income statement

The Financial Budget consists of

Cash budget
Pro forma balance sheet
Preparing the budget
The major steps in preparing the budget are:
Prepare a sales forecast
Determine expected production volume
Estimate manufacturing costs and operating expenses
Determine cash flow and other financial effects
Formulate projected financial statements
Sales Forecasts

The sales forecast gives the expected level of sales for the company’s goods or services throughout some future period and is instrumental in the company’s planning and budgeting functions. It is the key to other forecasts and plans. There is a wide range of techniques of sales forecasting that the economy may choose from, however, there are basically two approaches to forecasting: Qualitative and Quantitative.

The Qualitative Approach, which includes forecasts based on judgment and opinions, includes such methods as executive opinions, the Delphi Technique, sales force polling and consumer surveys.

The Quantitative Approach includes

Forecasts based on historical data
Naïve methods
Moving averages
Exponential smoothing
Trend analysis
Associative forecasts
Simple Regression
Multiple Regression
Econometric Modeling

The Sales Budget

The Sales Budget is the starting point in preparing the master budget, since estimated sales volume influences nearly all other items in the master budget. The sales budget ordinarily indicates the quantity in units of each product the company expects to sell. That number is multiplied by the expected unit selling price to construct the sales budget. The sales budget also includes a computation of expected cash collections from credit sales, which will be used for cash budgeting.

The Production Budget

After sales are budgeted, the Production Budget is developed by determining the number of units expected to be manufactured in order to meet budgeted sales and inventory requirements. The expected volume of production is determined by subtracting the estimated inventory at the beginning of the period from the sum of the units expected to be sold and the desired inventory at the end of the period.

Expected Production Volume = Planned Sales + Desired Ending Inventory – Beginning Inventory.

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Financial Forecasting Assignment Help

2011-09-05T06:20:00.000-07:00

Financial Forecasting is an essential element in planning. It is the basis for budgeting and for estimating future financing requirements. A company can make finance either from internal or external sources. Internal financing refers to cash flow generated by the company’s normal operating activities. External financing on the other hand refers to capital provided by parties outside the company, such as investors and banks.

Companies can estimate their need for external financing by forecasting future sales and related expenses. There are various techniques which are used to estimate or forecast the finance requirements.

The Percent-of-Sales method for Financial forecasting
The basic steps in projecting a company’s financing needs are:

Project the company’s sales. The sales forecast is the basis for most other forecasts.
Project additional variables, such as expenses.
Estimate the level of investment in current and fixed assets the company will need to make to support the projected sales.
Calculate the company’s financing needs.

The most widely used method for projecting the company’s financing needs is the percent-of-sales method. This method requires financial planners to estimate future expenses, assets and liabilities as a percent of sales for that period. They then use those percentages together with projected sales, to construct forecasted balance sheets.

An example for Percent-of-Sales

Assume that sales for 20X1 are $20, projected sales for 20X2 are $24, net income is 5 percent of sales and the dividend payout ratio is 40%.
Express those balance sheet items that vary directly with sales as a percentage of sales. Any item such as long-term debt that does not vary directly with sales is designated not applicable.
Multiply these percentages by the 20X2 projected sales ($24) to obtain the projected amounts.
Insert figures in the long-term debt, common stock and paid-in capital from 20X1 balance sheet.
Compute 20X2 retained earnings.

Sum the asset accounts, obtaining total projected assets of $7.2. Add to total the projected liabilities and equity to obtain $7.12, the total internal financing provided. Since liabilities and equity must total $7.2, but only $7.12 is projected, there is a shortfall of 0.08. This is the external financing needed.

Although one can forecast the additional funds required by setting up a pro forma balance sheet, it is often easier to use the formula.

External Funds Needed = Required increase in Assets – Spontaneous increase in Liabilities – Increase in retained earnings

EFN = (A/S) ΔS – (L/S) ΔS – (PM)(PS)(1-d) where

A/S = Assets that increase spontaneously with sales as a percentage of sales
L/S = Liabilities that increase spontaneously with sales as a percentage of sales
ΔS = Change in sales
PM = Profit margin on sales
PS = Projected sales
d = Dividend payout ratio
In the above example
A/S = $6/$20 = 30%
L/S = $2/$20 = 10%
ΔS = ($24 – $20) = $4
PM = 5% on sales
PS = $24
d = 40%

Substituting the above figures into the formula yields:
EFN = 0.3($4) – 0.1($4) – (0.05)($24)(1 – 0.4)
= $1.2 - $0.4 - $0.72
= $0.08

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Java Programming Example

2011-09-02T07:08:00.000-07:00

Java Programming Sample

The programming example is about how to calculate the factorial of a number

Java Factorial Example

This Java Factorial Example shows how to calculate factorial of a given number using Java.

public class NumberFactorial {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int number = 5;

* Factorial of any number is !n.

* For example, factorial of 4 is 4*3*2*1.

int factorial = number;

for(int i =(number - 1); i > 1; i--)

{

factorial = factorial * i;

}

System.out.println("Factorial of a number is " + factorial);

}

Output of the Factorial program would be

Factorial of a number is 120

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A Simple Example of Writing Code in Java

2011-09-02T07:06:00.000-07:00

Java Programming Example

This Java Programming Example is to find the area of a circle

Calculate Circle Area using Java Example

This Calculate Circle Area using Java Example shows how to calculate area of circle using it's radius.

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class CalculateCircleAreaExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int radius = 0;

System.out.println("Please enter radius of a circle");

try

{

//get the radius from console

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

radius = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

}

//if invalid value was entered

catch(NumberFormatException ne)

{

System.out.println("Invalid radius value" + ne);

System.exit(0);

}

catch(IOException ioe)

{

System.out.println("IO Error :" + ioe);

System.exit(0);

}

* Area of a circle is

* pi * r * r

* where r is a radius of a circle.

//NOTE : use Math.PI constant to get value of pi

double area = Math.PI * radius * radius;

System.out.println("Area of a circle is " + area);

}

Output of Calculate Circle Area using Java Example would be

Please enter radius of a circle

Area of a circle is 1134.1149479459152

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An Example in Java Programming

2011-09-02T07:04:00.000-07:00

Java Program Example

The example Java program is about how to calculate the area of a rectangle.

Calculate Rectangle Area using Java Example

This Calculate Rectangle Area using Java Example shows how to calculate area of Rectangle using it's length and width.

import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

public class CalculateRectArea {

public static void main(String[] args) {

int width = 0;

int length = 0;

try

{

//read the length from console

BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));

System.out.println("Please enter length of a rectangle");

length = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

//read the width from console

System.out.println("Please enter width of a rectangle");

width = Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());

}

//if invalid value was entered

catch(NumberFormatException ne)

{

System.out.println("Invalid value" + ne);

System.exit(0);

}

catch(IOException ioe)

{

System.out.println("IO Error :" + ioe);

System.exit(0);

}

* Area of a rectangle is

* length * width

int area = length * width;

System.out.println("Area of a rectangle is " + area);

}

Output of Calculate Rectangle Area using Java Example would be

Please enter length of a rectangle

Please enter width of a rectangle

Area of a rectangle is 150

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Java Subclassing and Inheritance With An Example

2011-09-02T06:31:00.000-07:00

Java Subclassing and Inheritance

Classes in Java exist in hierarchy. A class in Java can be declared as a subclass of another class using the extends keyword. A subclass inherits variables and methods from its superclass and can use them as if they were declared within the subclass.

For example, if in a class,

class Animal {

float weight;

…

void eat() {

}

…

}

class Mammal extends Animal {

//inherits weight

int heartRate;

…

//inherits eat()

void breathe() {

…

}

In this example, an object of type Mammal has both the instance variable weight and the method eat(). They are inherited from Animal.

A class can extend only one other class. To use the proper terminology, Java allows single inheritance of class implementation. A subclass can be further subclassed. Normally, subclassing specializes or refines a class by adding variables and methods.

For example:

class Cat extends Mammal {

//inherits weight and inheritance

boolean longhair;

…

//inherits eat() and breathe()

void purr() {

…

}

The Cat class is a type of Mammal that is ultimately a type of Animal. Cat objects inherit all the characteristics of Mammal objects and in turn, Animal objects. Cat also provides additional behavior in the form of the purr() method and the long hair variable.

A subclass inherits all members of its superclass not designed as private. Other levels of visibility affect what inherited members of the class can be seen from outside of the class and its subclasses, but at a minimum, a subclass always has the same set of visible members as its parent. For this reason, a subclass always has the same set of visible members as its parent and instances of the subtype can be used anywhere instances of the supertype are allowed.

Another example,

Cat simon = new Cat ();

Animal creature = simon;

The Cat instance simon in the example can be assigned to the Animal type variable creature because Cat is a subtype of Animal. Similarly, any method accepting an Animal object would accept an instance of a cat or any Mammal type as well. This is an important aspect of polymorphism in an object-oriented language such as Java. This is used to refine a class’s behavior as well as add new capabilities to it.

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Java Programming Assignment Help

2011-09-02T06:24:00.000-07:00

All Java programs use objects, and the type of an object is defined by its class or interface. Every Java program is defined as a class and nontrivial programs usually include a number of classes and interface definitions.

A class is a collection of fields that hold values and methods that operate on those values. Classes are the most fundamental structural element of all Java programs. One cannot write a code in Java without defining a class. All Java statements appear within methods and all methods are implemented within classes.

A class defines a new reference type. An object is an instance of a class. A point class defines a type that is the set of all possible two-dimensional points. A point object is a value of that type: it represents a single two-dimensional point.

Objects are usually created by instantiating a class with the new keyword and a constructor invocation, such as

Point p = new Point (1.0, 2.0);

A class definition consists of a signature and a body. The class signature defines the name of the class and may also specify other important information. The body of a class is a set of members enclosed in curly braces. The members of a class may include fields and methods, constructors and initializers and nested types.

Members can be static or nonstatic. A static member belongs to the class itself while a nonstatic member is associated with the instances of a class. The signature of a class may declare that the class extends another class. The extended class is known as the superclass and the extension is known as the subclass. A subclass inherits the members of its superclass and may declare new members or override inherited methods with new implementations.

The signature of a class may also declare that the class implements one or more interfaces. An interface is a reference type that defines method signatures but does not include method bodies to implement the methods. A class that implements an interface is required to provide bodies for the interface’s methods. Instances of such a class are also instances of the interface type that it implements.

The members of a class may have access modifiers public, protected, or private which specify their visibility and accessibility to clients and to subclasses. This allows classes to hide members that are not part of their public API. When applied to fields, this ability to hide members enables an object-oriented design technique known as data encapsulation. Classes and interfaces are the most important of the five fundamental reference types defined by Java. Arrays, enumerated and annotation types are the other three.

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Value of Information Assets Assignment Help

2011-08-31T05:30:00.001-07:00

Information has value to its owners, users, automated systems that must use it and government agencies that regulate access to it. For example, Wal-Mart stores could not operate efficiently without a 30 terabyte data warehouse that tracks the cost, profit, shelf-life and other metrics associated with every product sold in every store during the past five years.

Major domestic and international airlines could not efficiently schedule and crew billions of dollars of equipment, not operate their revenue capacity maximization models without the use of sophisticated databases and information systems valued over several billion dollars of replacement cost.

The business model for Visa, MasterCard International and American Express is based around card use data collection, account tracking, fraud analysis, customer billing and receipt collection information for hundreds of millions of credit and charge cards. The collective value of their databases and information assets is in the hundreds of billions of dollars – more than the annual budgets of all the nations of the world, except for the US and Japan.

Wall Street stock trading and financial institutions would not be able to open for business without having confidence in the accuracy of information used to conduct trades, base valuations on, or estimate earnings against. Accurate and trusted information is a core underpinning in market transparency and investor confidence. These are few examples which denote the Value of Information Assets in today's global business scenario.

Information is derived its value by being able to infinitesimally leverage information for financial, operational, analytical, managerial and social advantages. Once collected and verified as accurate, the value of information increases every time a successful transaction or usage occurs due to the cascade effect of each transaction triggering or enabling a second transaction and then a third and so on and so forth over time. The single transaction of selling 100 shares of stock, for example, may trigger purchases of capital goods such as automobiles, trucks, aircraft or property, which over time triggers purchases of other stock, maintenance and servicing of vehicles and property and employment of staff members. When viewed as a complete financial and transaction picture from beginning to end, accurate information enables transaction-based financial gain, marketing leverage, direct customer communications and collaborative partnerships that would be prohibitively costly or complex to establish and support.

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Information Security Process Assignment Help

2011-08-31T05:28:00.000-07:00

IT Security is no longer an “event” or part-time assignment for any corporate and government organization. It has become a continuous process every second of every day, from both the technology and management perspectives. Most executives of small companies are unaware that their corporate firewall is probed hundreds of times a day by automated attack tools. Financial services and government firewalls are often probed tens of thousands of times every day.

These attack tools – can be deployed with a few mouse clicks against millions of systems. Once they find an unprotected or poorly protected system, the tools record the IP (Internet Protocol) addresses and other information useful to hackers and crackers in exploiting the system or network for valuable data. Hackers may also turn the system into a denial-of-service (DoS) zombie to flood targeted systems with millions of messages and impair their ability to process and transmit legitimate information.

Attack on such systems can only be countered with the help of a strong Information Security Process which leaves no stone unturned in the same process.

Information Security Process includes a strong security process contains several layers of operational functionality which include

External and internal access control points such as firewalls
Strong user authentication for access and downloading
Audit logging user network, system and information access
Data encryption processes are applied where possible
Using trusted partners for data exchange purposes
Immediate installation of currently available software patches
Training of internal and external users about passwords controls and unauthorized information access
Physical security for equipment rooms, software backups and hardcopy documents
Management policies for unauthorized usage, management monitoring and user privacy expectations
A root cause analysis process for determining “what happened” when unexpected events occur
A secure and comprehensive information and service recovery plan that can be immediately triggered should a disaster occur
Management escalation chains so that small problems are contained quickly and larger problems get resources assigned quickly

These Information Security layers build upon each other in redundant and incremental ways to create a fabric of security. For example, a strong authentication policy can prevent unknown users from gaining access to networks and systems. Known users can log in and perform their work with an audit trail about what they did and when they did it. Data is not only accepted from trusted external sources to prevent contamination of databases with visibly corrupt – worse, semi-valid information.

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Principles of Network Security: An Introduction

2011-08-31T05:25:00.000-07:00

Network Security Principles involve around three key principles of Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability. Depending upon the application and context, one of these principles might be more important than the others. For example, a government agency would encrypt an electronically transmitted classified document to prevent an unauthorized person form reading its contents. Thus, confidentiality of the information is paramount. If an individual succeeds in breaking the encryption cipher and then, re-transmits a modified encrypted version, the integrity of the message is compromised. On the other hand, an organization such as Amazon.com would be severely damaged if its network were out of commission for an extended period of time. Thus, availability is a key concern of such e-commerce companies.

Confidentiality

Confidentiality is concerned with preventing unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. This disclosure could be intentional, such as breaking a cipher and reading the information, or it could be unintentional due to the carelessness or incompetence of individuals handling the information.

Integrity

There are three goals of integrity.

Preventing the modification of information by unauthorized users

Preventing the unauthorized or unintentional modification of information by unauthorized users

Preserving the internal and external consistency

Internal consistency: Ensures that internal data is consistent. For example, in an organizational database, the total number of items owned by an organization must be equal to the sum of the same items shown in the database as being held by each element of the organization.

External Consistency: Ensures that the data stored in the database is consistent with the real world. Relative to the above example, the total number of items physically sitting on the shelf must equal the total number of items indicated by the database.

Availability

Availability assures that a system’s authorized users have timely and uninterrupted access to the information in the system and to the network.

Other important terms include:

Identification: The act of a user professing an identity to the system, such as login ID

Authentication: Verification that the user’s claimed identity is valid, such as through the use of password.

Accountability: Determination of the actions and behavior of a single individual within a system and holding the individual responsible for his/her actions.

Authorization: The privileges allocated to an individual or process that enable access to a computer resource.

These are some of the Network Security Principles which help in formulating the best possible Network Security measures which protect the integrity of a organizational network.

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The Concept of Information Security Principles Management

2011-08-31T03:28:00.000-07:00

Information Security Principles and Management is one of the three communities of interest functioning in most organizations. As a part of the management team, the Information Security Principles and Management operates like all other management units by using the common characteristics of leadership and management. In Information Security the goals and objectives differ from those of IT and general management communities in that they are focused on the secure operations of the organization. Because the Information Security principles and management is charged with taking responsibilities for a specialized program, certain characteristics of its management are unique to this community interest.

The extended characteristics of information security are known as the P5 planning, Policy, programs, protection, people and project management.

Planning: Planning in Information Security management is an extension of the basic planning model. Included in the Information Security planning model are activities necessary to support the design, creation and implementation security strategies with in the IT planning environment.
Policy: The set of organizational guidelines that have certain behavior within organization is called policy. There are 3 general categories of policy in Information Security. Enterprise information security policy (EISP); Issue Specific Security policy (ISSP); System Specific Policy (SysSp)
Programs: Programs are operations of Information Security that are specially managed as separate entities. A security education training awareness program is one such entity. SETA program provides critical information to employees to either improve their current level security knowledge.
Protection: this protection function is executed via through set of risk management activities, risk assessment control, as well as protection, mechanism, technologies and tools. Each of these mechanisms represents some aspect of specific controls in the overall information security plan.
People: People are the most critical link in the information Security program. It is imperative that managers steadily recognize the crucial role that people play in the Information Security program.
Project management: The final component of application of thorough project management discipline to all elements of the information security program. Project management involves identifying and controlling the resources applied to the project as well as, measuring progress and adjusting the process as progress is made toward the goal.

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Customer Relationship Management: An Introduction

2011-08-30T07:11:00.000-07:00

SCM - Customer Relationship Management

The Customer Relationship Management process provides the structure for how the relationships with customers will be developed and maintained. Management identifies key customers and customer groups to be targeted as part of the firm’s business mission. These deductions are made by the leadership team of the enterprise and the owner of the strategic process is the CEO. The goal is to segment customers based on their value over time and increase customer loyalty of target customers by providing customized products and services. Cross-functional customer teams tailor Product and Service Agreements (PSAs) to meet the needs of key accounts and for segments of other customers. The PSAs specify levels of performance. The teamwork with key customers to improve processes and reduce demand variability and non-value-aided activities.

Customer Relationship management and supplier relationship management provide critical linkages throughout supply chain. For each supplier in the supply chain, the ultimate measure of success of the customer relationship management process is the change in profitability of an individual customer or segment of customers. For each customer, the most comprehensive measure of success for the supplier relationship management process is the impact that a supplier or supplier segment has on the firm’s profitability. The goal is to increase the joint profitability by developing the relationship. The biggest potential roadblock is failure to reach agreement on how to split the gains that are made through joint process improvement efforts. The overall performance of the supply chain is determined by the combined improvement in profitability of all of its members from one year to the next.

While there are a great number of software products that are being marketed as customer relationship management, these technology tools should not be confused with the relationship-focused supply chain management process. Customer relationship management to gather customer data quickly, identify the most valuable customers over time and provide the customized products and services that should increase customer loyalty. When it works, the costs to serve customers can be reduced making it easier to acquire more, similar customers. However, according to Gartner Group, 55% of all customer relationship management projects do not produce results.

There is a wide range of view as to what comprises customer relationship management. At one extreme, it is about the implementation of a specific technology solution and at the other, it is a holistic approach to selectively managing relationships to create shareholder value. It is the former perspective that results in so many failures. In order to develop mutually beneficial business relationships, customer relationship management should be positioned in a broad strategic context and be consistently implemented throughout the organization.

Customer relationship management process has both strategic and operational elements. For this reason, the process has been divided into two parts, the strategic process in which management establishes and strategically manages the process and the operational process in which implementation takes place. Implementation of the strategic process within the firm is a necessary step in integrating the firm with other members of the supply chain and it is at the operational level that the day-to-day activities takes place.

The strategic process is led by a management team that is comprised of executives from several functions: marketing, sales, finance, production, purchasing, logistics and research and development. The team is responsible for making decisions about how relationships with customers will be developed and maintained. At the operational level, there will be a customer team for each key account and for each segment of other customers.

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Performance Management: An Introduction

2011-08-30T07:09:00.001-07:00

Cooperation in the supply chain can increase the profitability and also improves the delivery performance and service by reducing the logistics costs. The idea of making profits with the proper implementation of SCM can be traced back to the definition used within logistics. Focus here is on reducing the costs of logistics by, for example, reducing transport, inventory and order processing costs.

A total cost analysis can illustrate how much SCM cooperation can contribute to overall savings, and as a result, why it is a good idea to focus on costs. However, SCM cooperation should not be seen solely as a cost reduction project. Factors such as improved lead time, fewer out-of-stock situations and improved quality can just as well contribute to increased value by positively affecting the volume of sales, increasing value by positively affecting the volume of sales, increasing the price margin, or reducing time to market. These factors can sometimes affect the bottom line result more than simple cost reductions. As a result, there will always be a balancing act between potential revenue and the goal that should be set for supply chain cooperation.

Methods of measurement

Before the objectives, focus areas and goals of cooperation can be articulated, it is necessary for each company to have a clear overview of their own key logistics figure as well as how differing logistical initiatives will affect the company’s totally generated value. Few companies have this total overview before embarking on SCM cooperation.

A good starting point would be to get an overview of the company’s total cost of logistics. The analysis of the total cost of ownership can create a baseline for measuring internal and external performance in terms of logistics.

Total Cost of ownership (TCO) can be calculated in the following manner:

TCO = Purchase price + Transportation costs + Warehouse costs + Transaction costs (Purchase Orders, goods receipt, invoices) + Quality Control/ Claims + Handling of goods + Administration costs/Staff

The disadvantage of using exclusively the TCO analysis as the basis for decision making is that there is a risk of making decisions that optimal from a total cost perspective, but which are not appropriate in relation to the company’s total revenue. This is a possibility because, among other reasons, TCO does not include costs generated by assets other than inventory and accounts receivable.

A model that makes it possible to connect logistic performance with the company’s bottom line result is the Economic Value Adding (EVA) model. This model allows stakeholders focus more on measuring and calculating value creation than on maintaining value. Therefore, cost of capital is also included in the calculations.

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The Concept of Process Orientation in Supply Chain Management

2011-08-30T07:06:00.000-07:00

The Supply Chain Management, with its overall perspective on the supply chain, has been difficult for many companies to operationalize. Looking from operational level, the complexity of Supply Chain Management is so vast that it is necessary to break down the supply chain into smaller segments in order to understand it. This does not mean that the overall perspective is thrown aside, but rather that is must be looked at as a way to create a foundation for realizing the vision and perspectives of the supply chain management concept.

Function of Process Orientation

Today, much focus and attention is given to a function-oriented company which is on managing, controlling and measuring the activities bound to a specific function. Budgets, accounts, critical success factors, and award systems are set for each functional area. Each department is driven by a budget, which it must fulfill for a given period. When a department has reached its budget target, whether it is based on costs, resources, earnings, it has performed well and will be rewarded.

A line manager usually manages each of his/her function without any interference. Attempts to work across a function-oriented company will lead to resistance from managers guarding their territory, who do not want to empower or leave decisions to others within the organization. The worse case scenario, in the eyes of these managers, would be having control or decision making powers lying in the hands of the companies external to the organization.

The division of a company according to functions does have its advantages when the aim is to exploit specialized knowledge and experience within different areas. There may be disadvantages, however, if the aim is to gain an overall understanding of the company and develop a process orientation. There is a strong risk that each department will sub-optimize from the perspective of the company as a whole.

The built-in conflicts and opposing targets are well known in most companies. They are very hard to avoid in the daily life of the company. The risk of sub-optimization similarly increases its own internal business processes only, rather than looking at the supply chain as a whole.

A number of companies have realized the need to change their vertical organization structure to a more historical structure. This change draws attention to process, as opposed to looking at the functional barriers and the different steps of the supply chain. Setting up working process management is a major challenge for management, as it requires the ability to predict organizational changes and to establish new management forms, decision-making methods, tasks and award systems.

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