Understanding Capital Structure

A company can obtain long-term financing in the form of equity, debt or a combination of both. Capital Structure is the proportion of debt and preference and equity shares on a firm’s balance sheet.

Optimal Capital Structure is the capital is the capital structure at which the weighted average cost of capital is minimum and thereby maximum value of the firm.

The relative proportions of debt, equity and other securities that a firm has outstanding constitute its capital structure. When corporations raise funds from outside investors, they must choose which type of security issue. The most common choices are financing through equity alone and financing through a combination of debt and equity.
So V = B + S = D + E










Shareholders are interested in maximizing the value of the firm’s shares. A key question is: What is the ratio of debt to equity, if any, that maximizes the shareholder’s value?
As it turns out, changes in capital structure benefit shareholders if and only if the value of the firm increases. So we concern ourselves with the question of which proportion of debt versus equity maximizes the overall value of the firm.
We assume perfect capital markets in the following analysis:
• Perfect competition
• Equal access to information
• No transaction costs
• No taxes (later we drop this assumption)

We also assume that the individual can borrow at the same rate as the firm.

Example:
We will compare a firm whose capital structure is all equity, with a firm that is identical, except that it has some debt in its capital structure.
Suppose a firm has 1000 shares, a share price of $10, a market value of $10,000, and operating income as described in the table below. This income is a perpetuity, and all earnings are paid out as a dividend to investors. Expected income is $1500 and expected return is 15%.








Suppose the firm borrows $5,000 at 10% rate of interest and buys back 500 of its shares to create the following new situation: # shares 500, B = $5000, S = $5000, shares value: $10,
annual interest: $500







Argument that value has increased: If operating income is greater than $1,000 then the expected Return On Equity increases. Since we expect operating income of $1,500, leverage must have added value. Shareholders expect 20% ROE with leverage.

Counter-argument: Suppose an investor takes $10 of his/her own money and borrows $10 at 10% interest and invests the $20 to buy 2 shares of the unlevered firm.








Note: Investor gets the same result from borrowing personally as he/she gets from investing in the leveraged firm. Therefore, the firm is not doing anything by leveraging that the investor could not do on his/her own. This implies VL = VU. This is the famous Modigliani-Miller Proposition I.
So leverage increases the expected earnings per share, but not the share price. How can that be?
Leverage also increases the riskiness of the earnings. We must discount those higher expected earnings at a higher discount rate.
All equity: 1.50/.15 = $10
Leveraged: 2.00/.20 = $10
Recall: The value of a firm = the PV of the future cash flows.
If the firm is all equity financed, then VU = C1/(1+r0) + C2/(1+r0)2 + … where r0 is the cost of capital of an all equity financed firm.
If there is some debt in the capital structure, the cost of capital is given by:
r = [B/(B+S)]rB + [S/(B+S)]rS where rS is the cost of equity capital of the now leveraged firm.
and VL = C1/(1+r) + C2/(1+r)2 + ...
Since the value of the company doesn’t change with leverage, VL = VU, and so r must equal r0 – that is, r must be constant as debt is added to the capital structure (remember here we are assuming no taxes etc.). The idea is that as “expensive” equity is replaced with “cheap” debt, the risk to equity increases, as a result of the increased leverage, and so rS increases. The increase in rS just balances against the increased fraction of cheaper debt, so that r stays constant.
r0 = cost of capital for the all equity firm = ra = required/expected return on the assets – reflects business risk – not financial leverage. If we solve:
r0 = (B/(B+S))rB + (S/(B+S))rS for rS, we get rS = r0 +(B/S)(r0 – rB)
This is Modigliani-Miller Proposition II.
In our example above, ra = 1500/10,000 = 15%. If B = S = 5000, then:
rS = 15% +(5000/5000)(15% - 10%) = 20%
Initially the firm was all equity, had 1,000 shares at $10/share and equity worth $10,000
V = 1500/.15 = (CF/rS) = $10,000
With $5,000 debt at 10% and $5,000 equity, now rS = 20%, up from 15% and:
V = 500/0.10 + 1000/0.20 = interest payment/rB + CF/rS = 5,000 + 5,000 = 10,000
Essentially, we split a single cash flow of 1500/year, discounted at 15% into 2 cash flows of 500 and 1000, the former discounted at 10% and the latter discounted at 20%.

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This article is in continuation with our previous articles on Finance which include Finance- Present Value, Finance- Net Present Value, Finance - Internal Rate of Return, Finance -Present Value Annuity

Understanding the Cost of Capital

The Cost of Capital is defined as the rate of return that a company must offer on its securities in order to maintain its market value. Financial managers must know the cost of capital in order to (a). make capital budgeting decisions, (b). help establish the optimal capital structure and (c). make decisions concerning leasing, bond refunding and working capital management. The cost of capital is computed as a weighted average of the various capital components, items on the right hand side of the balance sheet such as debt, preferred stock, common stock and retained earnings.

Each element of capital has a component cost that is identified by the following:
ki = before tax cost of debt
k¬d = ki (1-t) = after tax cost of debt, where t = tax rate
kp = cost of preferred stock
ks = cost of retained earnings (or internal equity)
ke = cost of external equity, or cost of issuing new common stock
ko = company’s overall cost of capital , or a weighted average cost of capital
The after tax weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is given by the following formula:
WACC = ka = ke = (S/V) + kd (1-t) (D/V)

Suppose this firm faces a corporate tax rate of 40%, has variable expenses equal to 30% of sales, and has fixed costs of $158.
Working back from these requirements we can forecast the level of sales the firm must earn in order to achieve these operating results…thereby setting a sales performance target for management.
Working backwards, we get:
Sales = X
Variable Costs = .3X
Fixed Costs = 158
EBIT
Interest = 42
Taxes (40%)
Net Income = 300

If sales = X, then VC = .3X and X - .3X – 158 = EBIT
(EBIT – I)(1-T) = NI so (EBIT – 42)(1-.4) = 300 => EBIT = 542 which => X = 1000, and so VC = 300 and also Taxes = (542-42)(.4) = 200, so:

Sales = 1000
Variable costs = 300
Fixed costs = 158
EBIT = 542
Interest = 42
Taxes (40%) = 200
Net Income = 300

This working backwards process is the approach taken by regulators to set pricing for rate of return regulated industries, like utilities. So cost of capital drives utility rate increases!
Assuming earnings are a perpetuity, we have:

Firm ABC has:
Debt D of 8% annual coupon bonds with 10 years to maturity and book value of $1 m.
Preferred shares P with 10% annual dividend and book value of $1 m.
100,000 Common shares originally issued at $15/share for a value of $1.5 m.
Retained earnings of $0.5
Total of $4 m.
Market values:
The present market rate of similar risk 10 year bonds is 6% so the market value of the bonds is given by 80,000PVIFA(10 years, 6%) = [80000/.06](1-1/1.06^10) + 1,000,000/1.06^10 = $1,147,202.
Similar risk preferred shares are providing yields of 8%, so the market value of the preferred shares is 100,000/.08 = $1,250,000.
The market value of the common shares is currently $25/share, so the total market value of the shares is $2,500,000.
The market value of the firm’s balance sheet V = D + P + SE = $1,147,202 + $1,250,000 + $2,500,000 = $4,897,202 and D/V = .234, P/V = .255 and SE/V = .511.

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This article is in continuation with our previous articles on Finance which include Finance- Present Value, Finance- Net Present Value, Finance - Internal Rate of Return, Finance -Present Value Annuity

Market Research Techniques

Market Research is a process of investigating and answering the questions about human behavior. The key role of the market research function in an organization is to provide reliable evidence which will help managers take better decisions.

This aspect of marketing is seen differently by managers as the real marketing. Such Market Research is seen as difference between marketing and selling. Market Research is analogous with listening. Conventional theory of selling is about the salesman talking. But, real marketing begins when one listens to one’s customers. Before providing the answers one must listen to the questions.

The marketer is often faced with a degree of uncertainty and can never be quite certain that even the best laid plans will achieve their objectives in exactly the manner expected. Uncertainty is normally greater in those markets which change rapidly. Unfortunately, many markets are experiencing change frequently in the recent years.

Much of marketing intelligence in general and marketing research in particular is gathered in response to a certain stimuli. This information collected is used in the development of new products or new marketing campaigns. The first elements of information which are available for the marketer come from within the organization.

The main Internal Sources of information include: Performance Analysis, Sales Reports, Informal or Oral Reports and other Written Reports.

The External Sources of Information include: Market Research Reports, Exhibitions and Conferences, New Media, Trade Associations, Directories and Libraries.

Primary Research, Secondary Research and Explanatory Research:

Explanatory Research: The Explanatory Research is intended to verify the scenarios that have been developed. It is used for gaining background information, defining terms of research, clarifying the research problem or hypothesis and establishing research practice.

Secondary Research: In many cases a company will seek out secondary data prior to undertaking primary research. Such data or information may provide valuable insight for the research team in preparing for the primary research. However, it is important that secondary data is evaluated effectively because not all information will be reliable, relevant and/ or valid for the current research project.

Primary Research: Once the Secondary Research has been completed, any gaps in the available data should normally become obvious. These gaps will need to be filled before the data is collected and can be analyzed properly and used in the decision making process. This can be achieved only by undertaking a primary research. This may require the data to be collected of a qualitative, quantitative or pluralistic nature.

Qualitative research is the collecting, analysis and interpreting of data by observing what people say and do.

Quantitative research involves the use of structured questions where response options have been predetermined and a large number of respondents are involved.

Pluralistic research is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research, where the advantages of both can benefit the research. It is useful to consider the use of qualitative research first as it often the most useful to marketing decision-maker.

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This article is in continuation with our previous articles on Marketing Assignment help, 4Ps of Marketing, 5Cs of Marketing,

Essentials of Thesis Proposal

A Thesis Proposal is written to provide an idea about the work that the student wants to undertake as part of the Thesis. This is a document where in the details about the project are briefly mentioned. The details include the intention about the project, the details of the background research and a project plan.

The general body of a Thesis Proposal may contain the following points: Title, Abstract, Table of Content, Introduction, Main Body, References and Appendices.

A good Title: A good Title for the Thesis and the Proposal is required because it will demonstrate the clarity of the project and the intension of the student about the project. The result that the student aims at achieving in the project.

Abstract: An Abstract is a small summary of what is the student is intended to do in the project given the broad subject area.

Table of Contents: The Table of Contents will include the list or the page numbers of the sections from the Introduction to the appendices page. Page number accuracy is important.

The Introduction: Set the scene for the project and provide the motivation. Give the background of the area you intend to study and convince the reader about the study. One important thing that we must remember is that the introduction part appears first but, it must be written last. The introduction should include the motivation, the problem to be solved and a summary of the methodology and a hint of the solution.

Researching the background: The student is expected to research and discuss the broad context where the project is grounded. The context depends upon the nature of the proposal and the area of the application.

The Main Body: The Main Body should include the context, the goals and objectives and the methodology and evaluation. The context of the project, i.e., the where the project is placed. What are the similar publications and implementations of the project. The main body must also include goals and objectives. The tasks and deliverables that need to be done to achieve the goal and the activities those are to be undertaken to meet the deliverables. Methodology should include the research methods and the project methods that the student intends to use in order to complete the project.

Project Plan: The student needs to include a Project Plan in the Proposal which will include a work breakdown structure, a Gantt chart with critical path, milestones and slack time. This plan must be specific to the project and must have a good level of detailing.

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This article is in continuation with our previous articles on Dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation Proposal, Choosing a Dissertation subject

Rules for writing a Dissertation

Dissertation is the most important deliverable in an academic project. The final dissertation will be assessed by the student’s supervisor and an independent internal assessor. The recommended length of a dissertation should be between 10,000 and 15,000 words. The most important things in a project are the goals and objectives, the plan that was made and specified, the design, the implementation, the testing all these stages and processes have to be clearly mentioned from time to time.

The title, abstract, objectives, organization and general outline of the dissertation shall be determined well before the project begins. This must be approved by the student’s supervisor and then only that the student can actually begin the project work.

After the Dissertation Proposal is accepted, the project begins. The actual writing of the dissertation can start two to three months before the final deadline. The most common sections that are found in most of the dissertations are:

Abstract, table of Contents, the introduction, the main body, conclusions and references.

Abstract: The Abstract should be a 100 to 300 word summary in which the goals, the means and the outcome must be briefly described.

Table of Contents: The Table of Contents will display the structure of the dissertation and shall contain the major section and subsection headings with corresponding page numbers. The page numbers must be accurate.

Introduction: The Introduction will prepare the ground for a more detailed discussion of the following chapters. The introduction should set out briefly but clearly the goals and objectives of the project. This is the part which shall create the first impression on the project. It is advisable to write this part at the end of the project.

Main Body: The nature of the project will determine the main body of the dissertation. Most common sections can include a technical overview of related work, explains the background clearly, a critical literature review of the work in the area, a specification of the technical requirements of your project, the details of the project including the overall design and implementation of the project, the implementation of the project, the results obtained there in, the appropriate testing that was done, the evaluation and the verification of project outcomes. This is the place where the student’s depth of understanding of the project can be demonstrated.

Conclusions: The Conclusions section will contain the final results and the achievements of the project highlighting any lessons learnt or new discoveries. It must also contain the necessary steps that can extend the project in the future. In other words the scope for future developments in that particular area.

These are the general rules that a student can follow in order to write a good dissertation.

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This is in continuation with our previous articles on Dissertation, Thesis, Dissertation Proposal, choosing a Dissertation subject

Tips on Choosing a Research Subject

Many students find themselves at crossroads when it comes to choosing a research subject. It is difficult to choose a research subject as not only the interest of the student is involved but also one’s expertise in the subject will be a guiding factor in choosing a subject. This is very important as choosing the right subject will determine the final scores of the student.

Let us now know the process of choosing subject for research.

Research is one the crucial phases in higher education. Students await it eagerly because they will be working on their favorite subjects. But, majority of students find it a little difficult to choose a subject for research.

Do not take hasty decisions while choosing a subject. Think over which subject you like to work on and do a preliminary research about the availability of required material in the library.

One of the best and the easiest ways of doing this is to ask the faculty about it. Faculty can provide the best alternative which the student might not come to the mind of the student, but your faculty might.

Collect as much as information about the subject through scientific journals, magazines and periodicals. Take the help of your librarian in collecting not only the required material but also collecting the periodicals, journals, magazines.

After you have decided on the subject, take very little time to refine the idea by narrowing down to specific topics. This will increase the scope of your research. It will be more reasonable to complete the work in time.

Narrowing down on the research topic is also an important and thought provoking task. Right topic chosen at the right time will determine the success of the research.

The above techniques can be applied for choosing a research topic as well. But, some more effort must be allocated for this task.

In some cases, there is not enough research done on the topic and the students find it hard to continue with the topic. If you think that there is not enough research done on it, please forget about it as that will lead you to nowhere.

After all the necessary things have been done in choosing the subject and the topic start the information search and do this by making a note of everything that you have done and doing. Also make a check list of things that you have to do.

By this time you should have prepared a timetable and start following it without any discrepancies.

Try to complete the research in time and set aside a significant amount of time for editing or corrections. Scrutiny your work twice and get it scrutinize the work with experts.

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Programming Thesis Help at HelpWithThesis.com

HelpWithThesis.com provides help in not just Business Administration subjects, but we also provide help in Programming Languages.

We provide Thesis help and Dissertation help in Programming languages like Java, C, C++, Prolog, ASP.Net, PHP, Visual C++, Visual C#, etc and many more.

At HelpWithThesis.com we provide the best help in preparing a Thesis and/or Dissertation in Programming Languages. Our experts help in preparing the best Theses or Dissertations. Their exceptional writing skills, high qualifications and years of working in the field, makes them ideal for writing Thesis and Dissertations. All of our tutors are highly qualified people with many of them having done their Masters and PhDs from the Ivy League of Premier Schools.

We provide services like Ideations, Thesis proposal writing, thesis writing, literature review services, thesis preperation services, etc. One can also approach us with different set services in mind and we will definitely provide help.

We provide best quality services to our students. This is the reason why many of our students come back to us.

Unlike other sites we do not reseil our work, i.e., when a student comes to us seeking a help, we do not sell him/her the work that was delivered to another student. We are totally against this as this amounts to deceiving.

Our work is 100% plagiarism free. We are totally against it. We do not copy the work from some one else and claim it as our work.

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Marketing Thesis Help at HelpWithThesis.com

The whole idea of writing a Marketing Thesis is not to test the subject knowledge of the student, but to test the creativity and concept development in a student. So, writing a Marketing Thesis is a very highly time consuming process and the student has to spend a lot of time searching for new ideas that could capture the market.

A Marketing Thesis may sometimes provide solutions to certain problems faced in the market. The concept should keep the reader interesting and that is the key to a good thesis.
At HelpWithThesis.com we provide the best quality Marketing thesis writing services to students. Quality is our first priority. We believe that quality is the key to everything. That’s why when a student comes seeking our help, we take a thorough look at the problem at hand and we allocate the correct person or persons to help him. Here we make sure that the persons we allocate know what they are doing and are qualified to handle the task.

We provide services like Ideations, Thesis proposal writing, thesis writing, literature review services, thesis preperation services, etc. One can also approach us with different set services in mind and we will definitely provide help.

This is the reason why most of our students come back to us. At least 90% of the students return to us for help. And our tutors and/or experts are highly qualified professionals who hold their Masters and PhDs from the Ivy League of Premier Schools.

Unlike other sites we do not resell our work, i.e., when a student comes to us seeking a help, we do not sell him/her the work that was delivered to another student. This amounts to deceiving.
Our work is 100% plagiarism free. We are totally against it. We do not copy the work from some where else and claim it as ours.

For best quality and original thesis writing services visit our website at http://www.helpwiththesis.com/ or write to us at support@helpwiththesis.com.

Management Thesis Help at HelpWithThesis.com

Management is one of the prime subjects in Business Administration. A thesis on Management is very important for an MBA student. Management mainly deals with the effective and optimum management of people and resources. Otherwise, there are many subjects which have management in them. Ex: Marketing Management, Inventory Management, Human Resource Management, etc.

We provide Thesis and Dissertation services like Ideations, Thesis proposal writing, thesis writing, literature review services, thesis preperation services, etc. One can also approach us with different set services in mind and we will definitely provide help.

When managing people Management subject takes some help from Psychology. There are many schools of thought which propogate how to motivate people, how to control people, how to manage people, etc. These concepts are required by the management of an organization to achieve the end result of the organization.

When it comes to management of resources, optimum utilization of resources has to take place in order that the organization gains highest amount of profit with a given investment.

At HelpWithThesis.com we provide the best Thesis help for Management Thesis. Our writers are qualified Masters and PhD holders and are experienced in writing Thesis and Dissertations in Management. Whenever, a student comes to us for help, we have a detailed look at the topic and get back to the student with the price quotation, after negotiations, the we start with the work of preparing the thesis. If the student supplies us with the study material that is to be followed then, we certainly take those into consideration. So, thereby, we provide a customized thesis help for every student who wants help from us.

We do not resell our work. A thesis written for a person will not be sold to somebody else. Our policy is also against Plagiarism.

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Engineering Thesis Help at HelpWithThesis.com

Engineering thesis preparation is undoubtedly one of the toughest research papers to write. Its not just about the research and the experimentation in the field of study, but also the presentation of the Thesis document is as important as the research itself.

At HelpWithThesis.com we make sure that if an Engineering student comes to us seeking help in writing a Thesis or a Dissertation, we help him by providing services like Ideations, Thesis proposal writing, thesis writing, literature review services, thesis preperation services, etc. One can also approach us with different set services in mind and we will definitely provide help.

Whatever be the stream of engineering, you can come to us. We can provide you with the best-quality thesis or dissertation. Our experts who themselves hold Masters and PhDs from top Universities, are experienced in writing Thesis and Dissertations in Engineering. make sure that what you receive is the best thesis.

At HelpWithThesis.com we provide the best Thesis help for Engineering Thesis. Whenever, a student comes to us for help, we have a detailed look at the topic and get back to the student with the price quotation, after negotiations, the we start with the work of preparing the thesis. If the student supplies us with the study material that is to be followed then, we certainly take those into consideration. So, thereby, we provide a customized thesis help for every student who wants help from us.

We do not resell our work. A thesis written for a person will not be sold to somebody else. Our policy is also against Plagiarism.

For further details visit our website http://www.helpwiththesis.com/ or write to us at support@helpwiththesis.com.

Emerging new technologies in online learning

As we are moving forward into the 21st century, what are the new innovations or inventions that can help in bridging the gap between the students and the teachers? We have witnessed what the internet is capable of doing in the last decade. And it’s even more interesting to witness the new and emerging technologies. What has science and technology to offer us in the near future that can significantly have an impact on the way we educate our students.
It has been observed that the steady increase in the cost of education has led to the decrease in the student enrollments. This has led to the increase in demand for distance education and online education.

Due to the developments in information technology and the internet, students are interested and are eager to explore the new ways of interactive learning. Students find the interactive learning more interesting than the conventional learning.

• The internet is emerging as the global body knowledge and easily accessible, the trend toward internet based learning has increased steadily over the years and in particular in the present decade.

• With innovations like online meeting and conferencing now available at very low costs, the inclination toward e-learning has increased further. This means that students can attend classes from anywhere.

• Recent advancements in telecommunications like 3G and 4G services means that, with high speeds of accessing the internet from virtually anywhere, downloading academic information is just few clicks away.

• With products like Tablet PCs being available in the market for low cost, students are really interested in the features that they hold in terms of digital writing surface and video conferencing.

• Next generation software development can give way to more and more interactive websites that can offer a whole range of learning experience to students.

• Students find it comforting to use social networking sites to be in touch with peers and teachers and sharing their knowledge. With the rise in popularity of online video websites, students can record the classes so that others can watch the recorded classes.

• Emergence of other technologies like voice-to-text translators have a potential to change the face of online tutoring as students and teachers can interact by using these translators and do not miss out on important things.

• Gaming and simulations can be a better and fun way of learning as students can learn both the theory as well the practical application of the study can improve.

One of the main reasons for many to have an interest in online learning is that they can run all year long. Many students who have dropped out can continue with their education. Online education can help educating the students from rural areas where the facilities are less compared to the urban areas. Students will be put in pressure as is seen today, but they can learn at their own pace.

About the Company: HelpWithAssignment.com is an online tutoring company. Our network spans 3 continents and several countries. We offer three kinds of services: Assignment Help, Thesis Help and Online Tuitions for students in their college or University.
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Help With Assignment - How to Choose a Thesis Topic

Help With Assignment - How to Choose a Thesis Topic
This seems like the toughest decision. While choosing a topic for the Thesis many people are in turmoil. Only a few lucky people know what to choose from an early stage. They note all the tips and ideas for the future research related to that topic.

Writing a thesis is an opportunity that should not be missed. It is the opportunity that is given to display one’s skills and mastery over the subject and the field of study in which one invests many years. Many students find coming up with a topic for the thesis as a daunting task.

Thesis Topic Criteria
These are the things that have to be kept in mind while choosing a topic for the Thesis.

• The topic must interest the researcher: The researcher has to keep in mind that the topic which he or she chooses must of interest to the person himself. An interesting topic will always bring the enthusiasm and intuition to work on the topic.

• The topic must be unique: Choose a topic that is unique and never been done before. The uniqueness of the topic is the key to success. Generally, people follow paths that are mostly taken, people don’t like to take new paths to avoid risks, but, when it comes to thesis, people who take new paths are encouraged. They are treated as pioneers and “one who walks a new path”.

• Choose the topic in which you are an expert: This is an important point. To choose a topic, in which you are an expert, makes your work and research a bit easier. This reduces your effort to some extent and gives you some time so that you can research deep into the subject and get the best results. For ex: if a science researcher is interested in electronics and is an expert in electricity, then choosing electricity can provide him with extra time as the person knows the subject thoroughly.

• A topic that will be helpful in building the career must be chosen: A researcher must choose a topic which can build his or her career. If the researcher wants a career in the teaching field, then if his topic is more related to the field of academics, its better. And if the researcher wants to pursue a career in the industry, then if his topic is related to the industry then it is better. For ex: if a researcher wants to research in the field of energy and power, then his topic should be more or less industry oriented, as the energy and power industry today wants new ideas to produce cost effective source of power, safe/ green and sustainable power.

• Take the advice of your mentor: Taking an advice of your mentor is a good way to avoid problems. Your mentors will definitely help you. First of all, ask your mentor for the topic to be chosen, take their advice and do what you want to do. Before taking a decision, assess your skills, strengths and weaknesses. This reconciliation will help you to choose the topic that suits you best. Don’t choose a topic on the basis of popularity, but choose a topic based on the above mentioned things.

With the above ideas, we hope to reduce the effort of choosing a thesis topic to some extent, if not completely. We hope the ideas will be of help.

About the Company: HelpWithAssignment.com is an online tutoring company. Our network spans 3 continents and several countries. We offer three kinds of services: Assignment Help, Thesis Help and Online Tuitions for students in their college or University.
http://www.helpwithassignment.com/

How to write a Thesis Statement

How to write a Thesis Statement
A Thesis is putting forward a theory or a statement. It is a proposition which a person advances and offers to maintain through the argument. This is the general meaning of the word thesis.

But, academically, thesis is a statement stating the specific idea or opinion one address in a paper or an essay, and is usually located in the first paragraph of the essay. It gives focus to your writing, answers questions your paper may evoke, and reflects your clear analysis of a subject. The elements your readers require.

The role of thesis statement is to support the research of one, consequently it develops after the research has been conducted and not before. Writing a thesis before the research is conducted weakens the thesis and the paper’s foundations.

Now, the big question is whether every thesis in question is true or not. No, every thesis is not true. As we’ve already discussed in the beginning of the essay, a thesis is just an idea which is being put forward. The opinions and the perception of the researcher are very much infused in the thesis. This infusion is diffused if the research is conducted on an impartial basis and not by jumping to conclusions.

Thesis statements are classified as poor, working and strong. A poor thesis is a vague, difficult to prove idea, which is not supported by a substantial amount of evidence. While a working thesis is that thesis, whose idea is being tested for accuracy. Once if the idea or the thesis is proved, then the theory is accepted.

For ex: If the question is ‘Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War’.

If your answer is:
The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different.

In the above statement the additional information regarding the subject is missing. Here, the reasons for the war between the North and South are missing and this makes it a vague statement and is not acceptable. Instead if the student writes it as

While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions.

Now, here the statement is more clear, concise, understandable and makes it interesting for the reader to read the research paper.

And finally, a strong thesis is the one which is already proved. This thesis is the one which attracts the attention of the readers. The paper shows the researcher’s knowledge and brings to light a theory which Is supported by research and backed up a textual evidence.

Therefore, a strong thesis statement requires a command of one’s collected research or
notes before crafting a thesis statement.

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PEST Analysis - Strategic Management

PEST Analysis - Strategic Management

PEST Analysis is a component of Strategic Management. PEST stands for Political; Economic; Social and Technological Analysis of business environment.

An organization’s success is dependent on these factors influencing it. An organization can achieve success when it turns these internal and external factors to its advantage. An organization’s success is also evident from the fact that, it can not only turn these internal and external factors, but also, predict changes approximately and be ready with the required changes.

As for the external factors, they do not directly influence an organization, but they have indirect influences like change in taxation policy, social cost of business, new technologies being implemented and being developed by rival organizations and their increase in the market share are the factors that influence and organization.

A brief analysis of the above factors,

Political:
Political factors can influence the organization, as a matter of fact, the whole industry in the following manner;

• Taxation policy on the industry,
• Market regulations being introduced, tightened or loosened by the Govt,
• Legislation on minimum wage rates and other benefits like Insurance and Provident Funds,
• Industrial Regulations being introduced or modified.

Economic:
The second element is the study of Economic factors that influence the organization;

• The global exchange rates of currencies
• The influence of rate of interest and cost of capital on the business. This in turn influences on the extent of the growth and expansion of business.
• The rate of inflation on business determines to what extent the organization must invest and how much of return that it can expect from that investment if inflation rate continues to grow, increase abruptly or decrease suddenly.

Social:
The social aspects are the third element of PEST analysis;
They include,

• The cultural aspects of society. For ex: if an organization wants to establish its plant in a place where the people have an attachment towards the near by forest or land, then an uprising might take place opposing the Company’s move.
• Similarly, the after affects of a plant is endangering the near by flora and fauna.
• The percentage and distribution of labor in the population. The number of senior citizens in the population and the number of minors and students in the population, the number of educated, uneducated; skilled and unskilled laborers in the population will have an effect on the organization’s workforce.
• The social cost which the society has to bear for the actions of an organization.

Technological:
The factors under the technological aspects are as follows;

• The present technology being used by the organization,
• The profit being yielded by the use of that technology,
• The investment of an organization in the Research and Development,
• New and superior technology being developed and used by rival organizations, etc also influence an organization’s decision.
• The barriers to entry into an industry, when an organization develops an innovative technology.

So, the decisions that an organization makes are all the more based on the above PEST analysis. The PEST factors have a different influence on different industries during different times. Not all the organizations face the same problems, to the same extent. Thus, it depends on the industry involved in.

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